<p>The Helena Confederate Cemetery is located in the southwest corner of the Maple Hill Cemetery on Holly Street in Helena, Arkansas. It is a small section of the larger cemetery, under one acre in size, and is marked by two significant memorials: the Confederate Memorial and the memorial to Confederate Army General Patrick Cleburne, whose burial here is the only known place associated with his life. The Cleburne memorial is a marble shaft 15 ft in height, topped by an urn with flames coming from its top. The Confederate Memorial is a marble depiction of a soldier, mounted on a 30 ft granite shaft, surrounded by pyramids of cannonballs and inverted cannons. The cemetery has more than 100 marked graves, 15 of which are unidentified Confederate dead, and 23 are of those killed in the 1863 Battle of Helena.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Castlewellan Forest Park is located in Castlewellan, Northern Ireland. It contains the national Arboretum of Northern Ireland, started in 1740, which contains trees from Asia, North and South America, and Australasia. Giant sequoia were planted in the 1850s. They are used by treecreepers, who burrow into its bark and make nests. The gardens were reopened in 2013 after undergoing maintenance.</p><br>
<p>The peace maze located in the park was constructed between 2000 and 2001. It contains 6000 yew trees planted by volunteers from Northern Ireland. It was the longest permanent hedge maze in the world until July 2007, when the Pineapple Garden Maze in Wahiawa, Hawaii was extended.</p><br>
<p>The Castlewellan Gold Leyland cypress was developed in the park from a mutant tree. It was selected by the park director, John Keown, and named Cupressus macrocarpa Keownii in 1963. The original specimen is located in the ornamental gardens.</p><br>
<p>Castwellan Castle is a Scottish baronial castle built by the Annesley family between 1856 and 1858. It is close to the entrance of the arboretum and overlooks Castlewellan Lake. The castle is now used as a Christian conference centre.</p><br>
<p>Tully Mountain is a large hill north-west of Letterfrack in County Galway, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The 356 m high hill is visually striking, as it stands in a prominent position on the Renvyle Peninsula between Ballinakill harbour (South), Inishbofin (West) and the Crump Island (north). The summit hosts a small cairn and offers a panoramic view of the Twelve Bens, the north Connemara and Mayo coastlines, Inishbofin and other islands.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Tully Mountain, as well as Tully Lough, takes its name from Tully village, located on the north-eastern side of the mountain. The name Tully Mountain is rarely used locally, with Letter Hill being the more familiar name.</p><br>
<h2>Access to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The walk which leads to the summit does not require any special hiking ability.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The area around Tully Mountain is rich in pre-historic remains like a court tomb and a stone alignment between the mountain itself and Tully Lough.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Tully Lough and the NE slopes of the mountain have been designated as a candidate Special Area of Conservation under the EU Habitats Directive.</p><br>
<p>The Arkansas Valley National Bank, constructed in 1902, is a two-story, 30 feet x 90 feet sandstone structure located in Pawnee, Oklahoma. Constructed in a Late Victorian architectural style, it was Pawnee&#39;s original bank. When the building opened, the bank occupied the first floor, while a doctor, photographer, and local telephone office occupied the second floor. The bank closed around 1918, and the building has served as various storefronts since.</p><br>
<p>Originally the bank was to be called the Pawnee County Bank, and this name is engraved on the east wall; however it was chartered as the Arkansas Valley National Bank. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s facade was heavily damaged in a 5.8-magnitude earthquake on September 3, 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Pawnee County Courthouse is a three story art deco brick building that is still functioning as a courthouse. Four bas-relief panels on either side of the entrance on the south side depict scenes of Native Americans  and pioneers , while the lintel depicts an eagle, a cow&#39;s skull, an owl, an open book and two rattlesnakes . The west end has a lintel like the one on the south side. The north side of the courthouse as another four panels, two of Native Americans  and two of pioneers . Across the top of the building are heads of Native Americans . and</p><br>
<p>It is one of two courthouses in Oklahoma that attempt to meld Native American and pioneer scenes (the other being the Adair County Courthouse (Oklahoma).</p><br>
<h2>Bas-Relief Detail</h2><br>
<p>Pondalowie Bay is a bay in the Australian state of South Australia located on the west coast of the south-west tip of Yorke Peninsula in Spencer Gulf about 12 km west of Marion Bay. The coastline of Pondalowie Bay is both within the gazetted locality of Inneston and the Innes National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Extent & description</h2><br>
<p>Pondalowie Bay is located on the west coast of the south-west tip of Yorke Peninsula within Spencer Gulf in South Australia about 12 km west of Marion Bay. It lies between Royston Head at its northern extremity and an unnamed point at its southern extremity which is reported as being 0.75 nmi north north-west of West Cape. The west side of the bay is guarded by three islands (from north to south) - Royston, Middle and South. The east side of the bay is formed by ‘a sandy beach backed by sand hills.’</p><br>
<p>The entry into and out of the bay by small vessels can be achieved by passing through the gap between Middle Island and South Islet as water depths approach 11 m and as the width of the gap approaches 0.75 nmi.</p><br>
<p>There is a navigation aid consisting of a light is located on the South Islet.</p><br>
<h2>Ports and other settlements</h2><br>
<p>The south part of the bay is reported as providing anchorage, however the holding ground is considered to be poor due to the bottom consisting of ‘smooth limestone with a thin cover of sand.’ No infrastructure exists for maritime use apart from access to the beach from the national park’s road network which allows the launching and retrieval of small boats.</p><br>
<p>The sole settlement in Pondalowie Bay is a group of dwellings described as a ‘Fishermans village’. Immediately beyond the shores of the bay is a camping ground provided as part of the national park’s infrastructure.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area status</h2><br>
<p>The coastline of Pondalowie Bay and the land on the three islands have been part of Innes National Park since at least 1977 while the bay’s waters have been within the Southern Spencer Gulf Marine Park since 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Citations and references</h2><br>
<h3>Citations</h3><br>
<p>The Routhland is a historic mansion in Natchez, Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The mansion is located at 131 Winchester road in Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1790, 180 acres of land was granted by Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet to Job Routh. He built a mansion called Routhland in the 1790s, but it was burnt down in 1855. Another mansion called Routhland was built in its place for Job Routh&#39;s daughter, Mary Routh, and her husband, Charles G. Dahlgren, and it later renamed Dunleith when purchased by planter Alfred Vidal Davis.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, Job Rouths son, John Routh, has become one of the largest cotton planters in the world. From 1815 to 1824, he built this Routhland mansion on his fathers land. It is the only remaining mansion under the name of Routhland in Natchez. It was first built in the Federal architectural style. It was later remodelled in the Greek Revival style, and later in the Italianate style.</p><br>
<p>In 1871, it was purchased by Charles Clark, a Confederate veteran and former Governor of Mississippi from 1863 to 1865.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage significance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since August 22, 1977.</p><br>
<p>Snowbird Glacier is a hanging alpine glacier in the Talkeetna Mountains of Alaska.</p><br>
<h2>Location and Terrain</h2><br>
<p>Snowbird Glacier is located near the southwestern corner of the Talkeetna Mountains of Alaska. It sits in a high alpine bowl surrounded by largely unnamed rugged granite peaks, glaciers, and canyons. Snowbird Glacier is located in a high alpine zone characterized by rock, ice, and minimal vegetation.</p><br>
<h2>Human Activity and Recreation</h2><br>
<p>During the winter and spring, Snowbird Glacier is often visited by backcountry skiers and snowmachiners. During the summer and fall, the glacier is frequented by hikers and backpackers. The glacier lies on the popular Bomber Traverse in the Talkeetna Mountains, which connects several remote mountain huts.</p><br>
<h2>Snowbird Glacier Hut</h2><br>
<p>In 2006, the American Alpine club secured a permit to build a wilderness hut on the northeastern edge of the glacier, on a high moraine above the glacier terminus. This hut was effectively a replacement of a previous structure, a decrepit "space dome" installed around 1985 which was approaching the end of its usable life, and which has now been removed.</p><br>
<p>Dhar Tichitt is a Neolithic archaeological site located in the southwestern region of the Sahara Desert, in Mauritania. It is one of several settlement locations along the sandstone cliffs in the area. The cliffs were inhabited by pastoralists starting at around 4000 BP and lasted to around 2000 BP. This area is one of the oldest known archaeological occupation sites in the western part of Africa.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The climate around the Dhar Tichitt region is very arid and hot. However, this was not always the case. Research has shown that the area used to be much more temperate during a time referred to as the Nouakchottian. During this humid phase the area was much more habitable. The Dhar Tichitt region was like this from around 5000 to 3000 before present (BP). During this time the climate was a mixture of two different seasons, a dry season and a shorter rainy season. At around 2500 BP there was a change in the climate and it became too dry for people to stay in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>This site is considered a Neolithic site. The Neolithic period in Africa is marked by a change from hunter-gatherer lifestyles towards agricultural or pastoralist ones. The Dhar Tichitt region was inhabited by pastoralists around 2000 BC. Though occupied yearly, some areas were used during the dry season site whereas others were used in the rainy season. These sites have been excavated and analyzed by archaeologist Augustin Holl. They are known as Site 38 and Site 46. The latter location is found down in a sandy depression, and Site 38 sits up on the plateau.</p><br>
<p>The faunal evidence at the Dhar Tichitt area is highly diverse and this is not surprising given the history of the area. Cattle, sheep, and goats are the most common faunal remains at Site 36 with these also accounting for the majority of the faunal remains found at the site in general. Other faunal remains at these sites include crocodile, hippopotamus, ostrich, gazelle, fish, and very few representative bones of other animals. Given the amount of faunal remains that are from domesticated animals it is safe to say that this was a pastoralist society.</p><br>
<p>The botanical remains at the site reveal that not only were the people here pastoralists but that they also had some cultivation skills. Pennisetum or bulrush millet is the only domesticate found at this site. There were other botanical remains at these sites but all were most likely used as emergency foods for the people during the dry season.</p><br>
<p>There are two settlement locations at these sites. The first is heavy dry-stone structures and the other is a scattering of archaeological material with no real structures in the area. This evidence supports the hypothesis that there was occupation at two different places during a full year. The heavy masonry would serve well during the rainy season being up on the plateau and the less structural during the dry season down near where the water would be.</p><br>
<p>The Churchill Bridge is a historic bridge carrying Mountain Road over Bicknell Brook, in a rural corner of Buckfield, Maine. It is one of three documented stone lintel bridges in the state. It is a dry laid rubble stone structure which carries the road over the stream at a height of about 14 ft. The total length of the bridge is about 20 ft, and the clear span over the brook is 5 ft. The span is formed by five massive ledge stones laid on rubble abutments about 7 ft above the stream. Additional rubble is laid above to form the bed of the gravel roadway. The bridge crosses the stream at a slight angle, so its abutments are extended with wingwalls to the northwest and southeast.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is believed to have been built around 1797 by William Churchill, whose homestead was located nearby. He apparently built the bridge in exchange for a tax abatement from the town. The town owns the bridge and is responsible for its maintenance. The bridge is a rare survivor; a 1924 survey identified 20 stone bridges in Buckfield alone.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. At the time of its listing, it had last received substantive maintenance in 1938. Two other stone lintel bridges are listed on the National Register in Maine, which date to the late 18th or early 19th century; they are the Grist Mill Bridge in Lebanon and Thompson&#39;s Bridge in Industry.</p><br>
<p>Watts and Yuille Warehouses, also known as Brightleaf Square, are two historic tobacco storage warehouses located at Durham, Durham County, North Carolina. They were built in 1904, and are two identical buildings parallel to each other with a courtyard in between. They are two-story Romanesque style brick structures, seven bays wide and twenty bays long. Each unit of the warehouses is 75 feet by 118 feet, for a total of 35,400 square feet on each floor. They are an example of "slow burn" masonry and wood factory construction. They were among the 12 brick tobacco storage warehouses erected by The American Tobacco Company trust beginning in 1897. The buildings have been converted to retail and office use.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Durham Hosiery Mill is a historic textile mill complex located at Durham, Durham County, North Carolina. It includes seven contributing brick buildings in the complex. The original Durham Hosiery Mill was built in 1902, and consists of a four-story main building with a six-story Romanesque Revival style tower in front; engine, boiler, and heater houses attached at the rear, and a one-story dye house. The main building was expanded with a two-story annex in 1904, and a three-story annex in 1906. Other buildings include the triangular Annex No. 1  and a three-story brick finishing building. By 1910, the Durham Hosiery Mills Corporation was the largest manufacturer of cotton hosiery in the world. The mill was abandoned in 1922.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Stedman–Thomas Historic District encompasses what was historically the southern portion of Ketchikan, Alaska. It extends along Stedman and Thomas Streets, from Ketchikan Creek in the north to East Street in the south, and includes a few properties on adjacent spur side streets. In the early days of the city, the area was a seasonal Native fishing camp just south of the creek, but the Alaskan gold rushes around the turn of the 20th century brought an influx of settlers to the area. Foreign workers and Natives generally lived south of the creek, and the area became known as Indian Town. As the town expanded in this area, commercial and residential buildings were built on pilings, something that only gradually began to change when fill was brought into Stedman Street in the 1930s. Most of the buildings on this stretch of Stedman Street were built between about 1900 and 1930, and are vernacular wood-frame structures. The commercial buildings facing Stedman Street generally have false fronts, which hide their gable roofs. The district includes Ketchikans oldest continuously-operating retail establishment, Ohashi&#39;s, which is located at 223 Stedman Street.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing Properties</h2><br>
<p>The historical district contains a total of 34 contributing and 13 non-contributing properties. The most representative, built between 1904 and 1936 are:</p><br>
<p>The New York Hotel and Cafe, 211 Stedman Street, 55.34112&deg; latitude, -131.64075&deg; longitude (AHRS# KET-113) built 1924.</p><br>
<p>The Ohashi Store, 223 Stedman Street, 55.34094&deg; latitude, -131.64037&deg; longitude (AHRS# KET-120) built c. 1908.</p><br>
<p>The Hiatt-Pool Hall, also known as Southeast Communications, 325/329 Stedman Street, 55.34059&deg; latitude, -131.63965&deg; longitude (AHRS# KET-328) built c. 1920.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Street Viaduct, 55.33977&deg; latitude, -131.63986&deg; longitude (AHRS# KET-089) built c. 1920.</p><br>
<p>The Jacobsen&#39;s Storage, 121 Thomas Street, 55.33942&deg; latitude, -131.63953&deg; longitude (AHRS# KET-188) built c. 1927.</p><br>
<p>The Potlatch Bar, 126 Thomas Street, 55.33958&deg; latitude, -131.63958&deg; longitude (AHRS# KET-185) built c. 1925.</p><br>
<p>The Union Machine Shop, 130 Thomas Street, 55.33967&deg; latitude, -131.63958&deg; longitude (AHRS# KET-184) built 1936.</p><br>
<p>The Williams&#39; House, 507 Stedman Street, 55.33996&deg; latitude, -131.63832&deg; longitude (AHRS# KET-127) built c. 1910.</p><br>
<p>The house at 108 Inman Street, 55.33951&deg; latitude, -131.63906&deg; longitude (AHRS# KET-339) built c. 1910.</p><br>
<p>The house at 114 Inman Street, 55.33960&deg; latitude, -131.63897&deg; longitude (AHRS# KET-414) built c. 1904.</p><br>
<p>The house at 237 Brown Way, 55.34147&deg; latitude, -131.64018&deg; longitude (AHRS# KET-324) built c. 1928.</p><br>
<p>Athclare Castle  is a Tudor tower house in the Dunleer area of County Louth in Ireland. Built in the 1550s, Athclare was built for the Barnewell family, and is typical of defensive architectural structures built in the Pale during the Tudor period in Ireland. Athclare has been extended and adapted in the centuries since its construction and is classified as a site of National social historical importance by the Irish National Inventory of Architectural Heritage.</p><br>
<h2>The Castle</h2><br>
<p>The core of Athclare castle is a detached multiple-bay three-storey tower house, built on a rectangular plan in the 1550s. To the east of the tower block is a hall containing an early 17th-century chimneypiece.</p><br>
<p>The 16th-century tower house stands complete to the parapet with various loop insertions, including angle and cross loops, and there is also a ventilator at the upper level at the opposite end to the tower. Features of the castle also include a pitched slate roof, clay ridge tiles, red brick corbelled chimneystack, half-round gutters on corbelled eaves course, corbelled stone parapet to tower, random rubble stone walling, stone quoins, stone string course to parapet, pointed archways, square-headed window opening, arrow loops to north, south and east including decorative arrow loop to first floor south elevation, stone surrounds, a pointed arch door opening to south, and dressed limestone voussoirs.</p><br>
<p>The castle is still in partially residential use, and a two-storey house directly abuts it to the west. As a result, the castle features some relatively modern additions, including, circular cast-iron downpipes, a steel gate, square-headed door openings to north, smooth rendered surrounds, some uPVC windows, uPVC and timber and glazed doors, hipped and pitched slate roofs, random rubble stone walling, segmental-headed window openings, red brick surrounds, painted timber casements etc., as well as a collection of agricultural buildings attached to the old castle.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Athclare’s location, a mere 8 km from the coast (at Annagassan), and within the fertile arable and pasture land of central Louth would have made it a prime location for farming at the time of the tower-house’s location. Its being relatively close to the border of the Pale, especially at a time of considerable disorder in North Eastern Ireland at the time of its construction, make obvious the need for a fortified dwelling of the nature of Athclare.</p><br>
<p>Constructed originally for the Barnewell family, the original structure was extended in the 1650s, and by that time was in the hands of the Taaffes.</p><br>
<p>After the Cromwellian conquest, the Townley Family of Lancashire held the castle (though rented from the grantee, Erasmus Smith of Edmondthorpe) and in 1661, Henry Townley is recorded as having resided there, and his collected papers are a valuable source on the social history of the period. The castle was significantly altered again in the 1840s, with the latter additions resulting in a number of out-buildings being added to form a north-forming courtyard to the site.</p><br>
<p>Writing in the 1940s, the historian Henry G. Tempest described the then state of the castle as follows:</p><br>
<p>The castle sits just east of the modern M1 Motorway and is a National Monument under the Guardianship of the Irish Minister for Environment, Heritage and Local Government, but under private ownership. At least one of the two fine fireplaces previously within the castle have been removed to the adjacent dwelling house. The castle has the Record of Monuments and Places Number "LH018-040----" by the National Monuments Service.</p><br>
<p>Hampton–Ellis Farm, also known as William Beanis Hampton Farm and Jonah Ellis Farm, is a historic home and tobacco farm located near Bahama, Durham County, North Carolina. The farmhouse was built about 1900, as a one-story, three bay, center hall plan dwelling. It was enlarged about 1922, with the addition of a kitchen ell, The house features a one-story, hip-roofed front porch. Contributing outbuildings were include the wood shed, cannery, smokehouse, feed house, tenant house, tenant smokehouse, tenant woodshed, pack house, ordering/stripping house, and four tobacco barns. With the exception of the ordering/stripping house and three of the tobacco barns, all the outbuildings were built about 1922.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>John C. and Binford Carr House is a historic home located at Durham, Durham County, North Carolina. It was built in 1958, and is a one-story, "T"-shaped brick, steel, and glass Modern Movement style dwelling with a flat roof. It originally had 2,337 square feet and employs a Japanese aesthetic with a courtyard plan, a copper door with a simple copper appliqué design, and two sets of Shoji rice paper doors.</p><br>
<p>Binford Carr sold the property in December 2009 to Mark and Mimi Hansen. She also sold these</p><br>
<p>new owners an empty, buildable lot next to the house. The Hansens and the owners of the adjacent property to the east purchased the lot together, and divided it into two lots to make it unbuildable, thus protecting it from development. The Binford-Carr house now sits on.699 acres. The story of the purchase was featured in Atomic Ranch Magazine. ("In the Nick of Time", #26, Summer 2010.)</p><br>
<p>The Binford-Carr house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Kenneth Hobgood (AIA, winner of the prestigious Kamphofner prize) built a contemporary addition to the house in 2012. He brought the house to 4100 sq ft in size. Hobgood uses a glass bridge to connect the original modernist masterpiece with the contemporary addition. The house is now known as the "Glass Bridge House." The glass bridge and cantilevered office designed by Hobgood overlook the Hope Valley Golf Course in Durham, North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>Mary Duke Biddle Estate, also known as the James O. Cobb House, is a historic home and estate located at Durham, Durham County, North Carolina. The main house "Pinecrest" is a Tudor Revival style dwelling built in 1927, with additions and interior renovations made between 1935 and 1958. These additions and renovations included Colonial Revival, French Eclectic, Oriental, Art Moderne, and Art Deco elements. The estate property includes an additional three contributing outbuildings and nine contributing structures. They are The Cottage, a gasoline pump, iron picket fence with two ornamental gates, two large brick arches, stone-lined grottoes, bathhouse, tennis court, a swimming pool, a stone fireplace, pergola, a gardener’s cottage with an attached greenhouse, and a storage garage. The estate was the home of philanthropist Mary Duke Biddle from 1935 until her death in 1960.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. Pinecrest and some of the contributing resources are included in the Forest Hills Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The St. Charles Battle Site is the area near St. Charles, Arkansas where the Battle of Saint Charles took place on June 17, 1862, during the American Civil War. The battle was a land and naval engagement, in which Union gunboats engaged Confederate shore batteries and gunboats in a firefight, while infantry troops were landed on the western bank of the White River and eventually drove the Confederate forces from their shore batteries. The battle site occupies about 9 acre on the west bank the River southeast of Saint Charles. There are no signs left of the Confederate batteries, and the area is an undeveloped swampland, as it was in 1862.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The battle is also commemorated by a monument in Saint Charles.</p><br>
<p>The St. Charles Battle Monument is located at the center of the intersection of Broadway and Arkansas Street in the center of St. Charles, Arkansas. It commemorates the 1862 Battle of Saint Charles, a naval and land engagement of the American Civil War that took place just downriver from the city. It is a square granite monument, topped by an inverted cannon barrel. It is 18 ft high and 9.5 ft square. Its inscriptions commemorate the 148 Union soldiers who died in the explosion of the USS Mound City, caused by what is sometimes described as the single deadliest shot fired in the entire Civil War. Inscriptions on another side memorialize the smaller number of Confederate dead in the engagement. The monument was placed in 1919 through the efforts of a relative of William Hickman Harte, the master on board the Mound City who died in the explosion, and is one of the few memorials placed in Confederate state by a northerner in commemoration of both Union and Confederate war dead.</p><br>
<p>The monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Arthur R. Hoard House, also known as the George P. Marston House, is a historic residence in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, United States. The house was owned by several important early families in the town, including two mayors and a state assemblyman.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George P. Marston purchased the plot of land to build a house in 1853. Marston owned a dry goods shop on Main Street in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, and operated a branch in nearby Cold Spring. He also owned the Fort Atkinson Brewery and was a major shareholder of the Southwell Lumber Company. In 1871, due to his failing health, Martson moved in with his son, George Marston, in San Diego, California. He sold the house to Dr. Henry O. White, of whom little is known. He sold the house to Dr. Horace B. Willard in 1888, a director of the Northwestern Manufacturing Company, the vice president of the Citizens State Bank, and the owner of the Willard & Co. store. Willard also served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. He only lived in the house for a few months before moving again following the death of his wife.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, the house was sold to attorney W. H. Rogers. Rogers served as town clerk in 1868 and 1870-1871 and was a justice of the peace from 1868 to 1872. He was city attorney from 1870 until his death in 1907 and served a term as mayor. Arthur R. Hoard, the son of Governor William D. Hoard, purchased the house in 1893. In 1885, Hoard had founded the periodical that would become Hoards Dairyman and a year later he founded Hoard Creameries. Hoard developed the company into a chain of eight creameries, known for making its GiltEdge butter. In 1912, he purchased stock in the Better Sox Knitting Mills, eventually becoming its president. Hoard served a term as mayor and owned Hoards Hotel on Lake Koshkonong.</p><br>
<p>Marston had the house built in Italianate style. It stood that way until 1898, when Hoard added Queen Anne elements, including the bay windows, the veranda, the Porte-cochère, and the rounded pavilion.</p><br>
<p>The house was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on November 30, 1982. When the Merchants Avenue Historic District was recognized on June 13, 1986, the Hoard House was listed as a contributing property.</p><br>
<p>The Rivieria is a marina and mixed-use meeting hall at the shore of Geneva Lake in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, United States. Riviera Beach is an adjacent daily admission beach.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, emerged as a resort town in the 1870s, popularized by images of its side-wheeler steamboats. The lakeshore at Broad Street became the main water transportation hub when a railroad station opened there in 1871. Until 1902, when a road circling the lake opened, boat travel was the only practical mode of transportation around Geneva Lake. Starting in 1912, the United States Postal Service began summertime mail delivery from this point. By the 1930s, residents felt the need for a new recreational facility at this location. Despite the ongoing Great Depression, residents approves an $85,000 bond issue to raise funds for construction.</p><br>
<p>A small island was created by building a rubble mound and allowing sediment to build up. To improve the stability of the structure, 280 piles were driven into the bedrock below. The first pile was put in place on March 29, 1932, and the entire building was completed in time for a dance on September 1 later that year. Local architect James Roy Allen was selected to design the building. The total cost was only $55,000. In 1980, the building was rehabilitated by local architect Daniel Curran. As the "most intact historic building associated with transportation in the Geneva Lake area," the Riviera was listed on the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service on April 3, 1986.</p><br>
<p>From the 1930s to the 1950s, the Riviera ballroom hosted such renowned swing and jazz bandleaders as Benny Goodman, Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Tommy Dorsey, Gene Krupa, Artie Shaw, Xavier Cugat, Les Brown, Louis Prima, Cab Calloway, Ted Weems, Chick Webb, Vincent Lopez, Count Basie, Lawrence Welk, Lionel Hampton, Harry James and Jimmy Dorsey. Vocalists who performed at the Riviera during these years included Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, Doris Day, Peggy Lee, Dean Martin, Perry Como, Sarah Vaughan, Billie Holiday, Mel Torme, Lena Horne, Anita O&#39;Day, Nat King Cole, Dinah Washington, Eartha Kitt, The Andrews Sisters, Keely Smith, Betty Hutton and Abbe Lane.</p><br>
<p>In the mid 1970s, the Riviera ballroom rebranded itself as a discotheque called Top Deck, and remained open as such until the early 1980s. Artists who performed at Top Deck included Donna Summer, Gloria Gaynor, Chaka Khan, Sylvester, Loleatta Holloway, The Village People, Thelma Houston, Vicki Sue Robinson, Evelyn Thomas, Linda Clifford, The Weather Girls, Dan Hartman, France Joli, Sharon Redd, The Ritchie Family and The Three Degrees.</p><br>
<p>Wright&#39;s Automatic Machinery Company, also known as Wright Machinery Company and Wright’s Automatic Tobacco Packing Machine Company, is a historic machine factory located at Durham, Durham County, North Carolina. It was built in 1942, and is a two-story, square Modern Movement style stuccoed brick factory building. It features a wide ribbon of glass block underscored by a continuous concrete sill stretches across the facade at each story and recessed double-leaf entrances set into cast-concrete peaked surrounds. The building was constructed by the Defense Plant Corporation during World War II to support the manufacturing of gunfire control equipment for the United States Navy. It was later used to build precision instruments here for the U. S. military and later for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Murray Apartments and Cottages are a small cluster of historic residential properties at 200, 204, and 206 Seward Street, on the edge of the business district of Sitka, Alaska. Two of the buildings are 1-1/2 story frame cottages, while the third , also known as the Murray Flats and the Baranof Apartments, is a 2-1/2 story frame structure housing four apartments. These buildings originally stood in Douglas, Alaska, and were disassembled and moved to Sitka in 1921 by Abner Murray. They represent the first buildings erected in Sitka specifically intended as residential housing rental units; the apartment house was the first multi-unit residential unit in Sitka to be built since the Alaska Purchase in 1867.</p><br>
<p>The properties were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Hillside Park High School, also known as Hillside High School, James A. Whitted Elementary School, and James A. Whitted Junior</p><br>
<p>High School, is a historic school building for African-American students located at Durham, Durham County, North Carolina. The original Classical Revival portion dates to 1922 and is a T-shaped, two-story building on a full basement. A three-story red-brick, T-shaped Modern Movement style addition was built in 1954-1955, with a one-story-on-basement gymnasium rear wing. Also on the property is a contributing greenhouse built about 1960. The school served the African-American student population of Durham until 1970, when the schools were integrated.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Cole Block is a historic commercial building at 19 Main Street in Bethel, Maine. Built in 1891, the four story frame structure is the most prominent commercial building in the town. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Cole Block is a four story wood frame structure, with two storefronts at the ground level, two office spaces on the second level, and a large auditorium space occupying the rest of the building. The main (northwest-facing) facade is almost symmetrically arranged, with the storefronts opening into a recessed area in the center which also houses the door leading to the upper level. The left-side entry has been altered to be flush with the facade; that storefront now houses the town offices. The upper levels are entirely symmetrical, with applied woodwork between the windows in the central section. A panel centered between the second and third floor identifies the building: "Cole Block 1891", while a second panel between the third and fourth is labelled "Odeon Hall".</p><br>
<p>The block was designed by Georg M. Coombs, and built in 1891 for Fred and Elmer Cole, and is the most prominent building in Bethel&#39;s small downtown area. The construction was apparently a financial stretch for the brothers, who soon lost the property to foreclosure. The foreclosing bank, the Bethel Savings Bank, occupied most of the first floor, through the southern storefront, until 1974, while a variety of commercial tenants occupied the other side. The Odeon Hall on the upper floors was a major social venue in the town, housing all manner of private and public functions, including graduation ceremonies for Gould Academy.</p><br>
<p>The Satsop Hills are foothills of the Olympic Mountains in Mason County, Washington north of Matlock, Washington, between Wynoochee Lake to the west and Lake Cushman to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Satsop River, with a 300 square miles watershed, rises in the hills and flows south to the Chehalis River. Where the river rises, 160 in of annual precipitation qualifies as a temperate rainforest, a term used applied by some publications to the Satsop watershed. The Wynoochee Oxbow meteorological station on the west end of the hills (47&deg;17&prime;57&Prime;N latitude, 123&deg;39&prime;07&Prime;W longitude) has both the highest average annual rainfall and the second highest ever recorded in the continental United States. The hills lie partly in the Olympic National Forest but not quite in the Olympic National Park. In a 1916 geological survey, hills in the vicinity of Matlock were included with the Black Hills of Thurston County, but may have been describing formations on the East Fork of the Satsop, to the south of the area described above.</p><br>
<h3>Peaks</h3><br>
<p>Peaks in the Satsop Hills include:</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Forest fires have struck the hills repeatedly. The term "Satsop hills" has been used at least since 1885 when the Morning Oregonian used it to describe the location of forest fires.</p><br>
<p>In September, 1902, "catastrophic" fires burned across Southwest Washington, including a burn from Elma to Shelton on Puget Sound that destroyed one million board feet of lumber at a mill in the hills above Elma, and uncounted volumes of live trees. On September 12, the county seat, Montesano experienced darkness at noon. A one- to two-mile wide swath of timber was completely burned from Elma to Summit Lake, 13 miles west.</p><br>
<p>Several fire lookouts were built on peaks in the 20th century as listed above as part of a national effort to control fires.</p><br>
<h3>Fugitive John Tornow</h3><br>
<p>The hills were the hideout of John Tornow, a fugitive who lived in the hills for 19 months in the 1910s. He was accused of murdering several people including two cousins, and was eventually found and killed there by the then Chehalis County sheriff&#39;s deputy in 1913.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The hills are crossed by extensive logging roads and an abandoned logging railroad formerly operated by Simpson Timber Company. The Vance Creek Bridge, 347 ft above Vance Creek (47&deg;20&prime;04&Prime;N latitude, 123&deg;19&prime;17&Prime;W longitude), was the highest railroad bridge in the United States and remains among the twenty highest bridges in the country.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Deer and Roosevelt Elk herds are in the hills, as well as black bear, cougars and game birds including grouse and "the largest population of mountain quail in the state". Elk are probably migratory and move in and out of the Olympic National Park.</p><br>
<p>Sasquatch are reported to live in the hills, with 22 reported sightings as of 2014, including a case discovered by a sheriff&#39;s deputy in 1982 and investigated by an Idaho State University biologist in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Recreation in the hills includes canoeing and kayaking, camping, fishing, hunting and hiking. Schafer State Park, part of the Washington State Parks system, is on the Satsop River in the low hills at an altitude of 125 ft; Truman Glick County Park (35 acre) is along the abandoned railroad on the southern side of the hills. Hiking destinations noted in printed and online guides include Satsop Lakes (47&deg;25&prime;25&Prime;N latitude, 123&deg;30&prime;37&Prime;W longitude), Spoon Creek Falls, South Mountain, a 3,044 ft "moderately well known winter hiking destination" in Mason County, and Vance Creek Bridge, "made famous from millions of Instagram, Facebook, Tumblr and Twitter images" and though on closed private land, was "one of the more popular destinations on the Olympic Peninsula".</p><br>
<p>The Grays Harbor County high point, a 4,880 foot peak unofficially named, is sought by highpointing enthusiasts; it is on the Grays Harbor–Mason County line in the Satsop Hills or nearby in the adjacent Wynoochee watershed (47&deg;29&prime;42&Prime;N latitude, 123&deg;30&prime;22&Prime;W longitude).</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Parkway Garden Homes is a low-income apartment complex located in the Greater Grand Crossing neighborhood on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. The complex was built from 1950 to 1955; architect Henry K. Holsman, who planned several of Chicagos affordable housing developments, designed the Modernist buildings. The apartment complex was the first to be cooperatively owned by Chicagos African-American residents, who experienced a housing shortage during the Second Great Migration due to segregation; early residents included former First Lady Michelle Obama. In recent years, however, the complex has become the center of one of Chicago&#39;s most violent blocks. The complex is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Parkway Garden Homes, built from 1950 to 1955, was the last of Henry K. Holsmans many housing development designs in Chicago. Holsman began designing low-income housing in Chicago in the 1910s, when an urban housing shortage developed after World War I. He worked on several of the Chicago Housing Authoritys major housing projects in the 1930s; later in the decade, he began developing his own projects with funding from the Federal Housing Authority. From the 1940s onward, Holsman focused on designing residences for Chicagos African-American citizens, such as his Princeton Park community. While Chicagos African-American population boomed from 1920 to 1970 due to the Great Migrations, discriminatory housing policies forced African-Americans to live in the "Black Belt" section of the citys South Side, which did not have enough housing to meet demands. After completing the Winchester-Hood and Lunt-Lake Apartments on the North Side, Holsman began work on the similarly-designed Parkway Garden Homes as a return to the South Side African-American community. The complex replaced the White City Amusement Park, which had operated at the site since 1905. Holsmans firm went bankrupt before the complex opened due to unsound financial decisions, one of which resulted in Holsman&#39;s conviction for mail fraud.</p><br>
<p>The complex was the first cooperatively owned African-American housing development in the United States. While Holsman had worked on cooperative housing in the past, its adoption by African-Americans was considered a major success for the community. Mary McLeod Bethune gave an address at the developments cornerstone-laying ceremony, which was attended by Governor Adlai Stevenson II, Chicago Mayor Martin H. Kennelly, and both of the states USA Senators. Advocates for affordable housing and civil rights praised the development when it was completed, citing its modern heating and appliances and its expansive units. The complex attracted African-American residents from lower-income backgrounds, including future First Lady Michelle Obama&#39;s family, who lived there at the time of her birth.</p><br>
<p>As gang activity increased in the neighborhood in the 21st century, Parkway Garden Homes became the center of one of Chicago&#39;s most violent blocks. The 6400 block of South King Drive, known locally as O Block after murder victim Odee Perry, had the most shootings of any block in Chicago between June 2011 and June 2014. Many of these shootings occurred in 2011-12, and city police report that violence at the complex has steadily declined since. The violence mainly stems from gang rivalries between the Gangster Disciples and Black Disciples, who both control territory near the block. Rapper Chief Keef, whose music often references O Block and its violence, spent time in the Parkway Garden Homes before becoming successful.</p><br>
<p>The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 22, 2011, for its architectural significance and its role in African-American community development.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Holsman gave the Parkway Garden Homes a Modernist design inspired by European housing projects of the 1920s and 1930s. The complex is low-rise and includes several walk-up buildings, giving it a personal feel at a time when skyscraper housing projects were common. Thirty-five buildings are included in the complex; twenty-four of these are walk-up buildings, while the remaining eleven are eight-story buildings. The development&#39;s layout emphasized spaciousness, light, and airflow and pointed entrances toward the inside of the complex rather than the street. In lieu of ornamentation, angled bays gave variety to the exteriors, a feature inspired by German "zig zag houses". The few decorative elements, which include cantilevered balconies and ribbon windows, are typical of Modernist buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral of the Nativity of Our Lady is a katholikon completed in 1122 in the Monastery of St. Antony, Veliky Novgorod. It is one of the few buildings surviving in Russia from the early 12th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cathedral of the Nativity of Our Lady was the major church in the Monastery of St. Antony. It is the oldest building in the monastery&#39;s complex. Building started in 1117, soon after the monastery had been established in 1106.</p><br>
<p>The church is quite different from typical Novgorodian churches of the period. It was originally made of brick which contrasts with other Novgorodian churches of the 12th century, which were initially built with wood and were rebuilt in brick afterwards. It has three domes, that is the defining feature of a princely church. But the construction was funded by a private individual with no relation to the royal dynasty. This makes it exceptional compared to similar cathedrals of that time.</p><br>
<p>The construction was executed in two stages. In 1117-1119 the square-shaped nave with three apses, and the main dome were built. The original interior was well-lighted thanks to the large number of windows. This modest size was perceived as surprisingly holistic: the lateral aisles were fused with the space under the dome by means of the columns which stand close to the walls. The western couple of the columns was octahedron-shaped to contrast with the eastern couple which were square-shaped.</p><br>
<p>Immediately after completion, the construction of the narthex with the choirs from the west-side was arranged in 1119-1122. The reason why the original plan was changed is unclear. During the second stage, the former western wall was totally disassembled, and its corner-ends was turned into a new pair of columns; this isolated the lateral sides of the choir loft from the nave by the walls with the windows preserved from the previous design. The narthex was added with the round-shaped stair tower from the north-west corner: it provides access to the choir loft on the second floor. The tower is crowned by the dome. In ancient times the narthex in honour of Onuphrius and St. Peter of Athos was arranged under the dome. To balance the design, the building is complemented with the third dome on the south-east corner; it also serves to provide extra light. The outbuilding makes the design to be close to other Novgorodian churches of the period; the closest analog is the Cathedral of St. George in the monastery of St. George as it has a stair tower (but that one is square-shaped) and also has three domes as well.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the church has been encompassed by other outbuildings. In the 16th century by a little porch from the west side. In 1671 the narthex in honour of St. Antony, the founder of the monastery, was built; it was decorated in the same year. The narthex in honour of John the Apostle was erected from the north side in 1681. In 1699 a new, all-the wall-long narthex was constructed. All the mentioned outbuildings are joint with the interior by the broad arcs, hacked in the walls in the same period. The necessity to merge the mainspace with new outbuildings revealed a new problem: the old massive building was dipped under ground by its own weight, the level of floors in the old building and outbuildings were different. The solution was radical: the old building&#39;s level of floor was raised by 1 meter.</p><br>
<p>The described exterior has been preserved till the present day. The original look was distorted by making the windows more broad, as well as by turning the eaves into straight-shaped ones rather than the original arc-shape.</p><br>
<h2>Decorations</h2><br>
<p>In 1125 the cathedral was decorated with frescoes. In the 17th century the frescoes were renovated for the first time. In 1837 the most part of the ancient frescoes was removed from the walls due to decrepitude, a year after the church was decorated with new frescoes. New decorations are executed in a style typical for Russian culture of the 19th century and differ greatly from canons of the orthodox iconography.</p><br>
<p>Small fragments of the original paintings dated by 1125 were revealed in the altar part in 1989 for the first time. The systematic analysis was started in 1919 and was continued through the 1990s. Now almost all the survived fragments of the frescoes are cleaned and renovated. This makes it possible to make conclusions about the stylistic features as well as about the originality of the chosen iconographic themes.</p><br>
<p>Hereinafter, the ancient decorations are considered.</p><br>
<p>Fragments of the ancient paintings at all the apses as well as narrow stripes of the fragments at the lateral walls of the altar are kept. The frescoes on the eastern columns are well preserved. as they were hidden behind the tall iconostasis.</p><br>
<p>The scheme of painting follows the patterns of Byzantine art, but has some original features at the same time. No doubt, that the subjects of painting were offered by the monastery&#39;s founder.</p><br>
<p>The numerous saints are illustrated on the 2 bottom levels of the central apse - this is the Novgorodian tradition. Between the saints, in the bottom of the central arc of the altar, Moses and Aaron are pictured: the trajectory of a person who goes to the altar lies between these figures. These figures are believed to take part in a church service on a par with bishops. It also emphasizes the idea of the Old Testament tabernacle to be a prototype for the church in the New Testament. This pattern in decorating was quite rare in Byzantium, but diffused quite broadly in ancient Russia. One more feature is numerous reverends painted full-length on all the sides of altar columns: the quantity of pictures is surprisingly good. Also unusual was the fact of painting the saint monks in the eastern part of the church itself (traditionally these paintings are further from the altar part).</p><br>
<p>The frescoes on the northern apse (a prothesis) were dedicated to the seed of the woman, i.e. the tale about the birth and the childhood of the Virgin. The best-preserved composition there is the one called "Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple" and the bathing scene of Our Lady. The last is chosen to be shown separately (that is, to be emphasized). Bringing this scene in the middle of the apse is intended to signify the preparation of the Holy Sacrament for the liturgy. The Virgin herself is treated here as the gift to the Father by her parents.</p><br>
<p>On the opposite apse (a sacristy), John the Baptist’s lifeline is shown. The story is finished with the scenes of his martyrdom and the three findings of his head. Some part of the scene showing Herods feast is preserved, and the figure of seated Herodias while presented the severed head of the Prophet. Below, one of the 3 findings of the head is shown - the picture of a digging boys head is preserved. The saint deacons are painted on the entrance arc of the apse.</p><br>
<p>Small fragments on the southern and northern walls allows one to get some idea about how the mainspace was decorated. The decorations are likely to continue the tradition and to show gospel themes. Emphasizing the scene of Christmas on the northern wall along with the scene of Dormition of the Mother of God on the northern wall is a traditional approach for ancient Russian churches. Thus, the material birth and raising here is opposed to the birth after death. Even the small retained fragment imply that Dormition was represented in some special, extended variant: it shows the apostles who are moving from clouds towards the Our Lady&#39;s deathbed.</p><br>
<p>The decorations at western sides of the eastern columns (i.e. the frescoes which were turned towards the congregation in the mainspace) are the best preserved in all the church. The Annunciation is shown on the top of the columns. According to the tradition, the figures of Gabriel and Our Lady are painted on separate columns: that is supposed to create an impression of the scene to take place in the church&#39;s space. The figures of the Holy Unmercenaries (Florus and Laurus, Cyrus and John) are placed under the picture of the Annunciation. While one pair of the unmercenaries holds in hands vessels that look like ciboriums, another one has scrolls in their hands. This is to draw a parallel between body healing and soul healing according to the Christian doctrine. Moreover, the figures are flanked near the altar, that points to the congregation where this healing is likely to be found.</p><br>
<p>The altar screen&#39;s templon was placed below these frescoes. The iconostasis is likely to originally include 2 icons only, which illustrate the Saviour and Our Lady. The altar was hidden behind a curtain fastened to the templon - the painter used the special art device to drop a hint on that by painting the edges of a curtain.</p><br>
<p>Art features of the frescoes weren&#39;t interpreted properly by scholars for a long time. Incomplete disclosure of the ancient frescoes was the barrier for the scholars to perceive the style in an adequate manner. It gave life to the point of view about the decorations to be heterogeneous to all the ancient Russian art, and to be related with Romanesque art directly. Nowadays, the decorations are quite evidential to fall within the context of other Novgorod monuments of the period, but to have some features. The painters are likely to come from Kiev, not from Novgorod. The frescoes reflect many patterns of church decoration typical for Novgorod of the early 12th century; there are a lot of common things between these frescoes and the frescoes in the St. Sophia Cathedral and St. Nicolas cathedral. Figures are big and look heavy; they seem to be static. The pattern to model volumetric faces, but to paint clothes which seem to be flat is common for the frescoes in all the mentioned churches. At the same time, the characters in the Cathedral of the Nativity look much more dynamic and active due to detailed and intensively-drawn faces. The figures make the impression of emotional openness and some exaltation: these are the new trends in Byzantine art of the period, which will be well-implemented in Novgorod culture afterwards. This contrasting between the static figures and the inner dynamism of their characters is indicated in colours too: dark blue backgrounds are combined with bright yellow haloes, and dark clothes of monks are complemented with pink, azure and lime coloured ones</p><br>
<h2>Stair tower</h2><br>
<p>The stair tower jointed with the cathedral was multi-functional in ancient times. It provided climbing at the choir loft, but furthermore it had the narthex in honour of Onuphrius and St. Peter of Athos sanctified in 1122. In the tower walls the thick tiny cells for praying are preserved. St. Antony spent his last years in the tower, thus likening himself to the stylites. The last architectural renovation has revealed the tower to have 3 spaces to place bells there. The pictures retained at the interior walls are of much more interest as they are made by monks themselves and dont form some holistic composition. They are formed by simple lines of red ocher, and not well-preserved. Their theme is typically symbolical, allegorical and didactic. For instance, the picture of a lion with sad human face and a tail tied in a knot refers to the 2 main virtues of a monk: repentance and humility.</p><br>
<p>Erwin Cotton Mills Company Mill No. 1 Headquarters Building, also known as Erwin Square, is a historic textile mill complex located at Durham, Durham County, North Carolina. The mill was built in 1892, and is a two-story, 748 feet long, brick building. It features three square towers projecting from the east facade and by hundreds of large and closely spaced windows. The building exemplifies "slow burn" construction with its exterior load bearing brick walls and its heavy timber heart pine beams and columns. The headquarters building is a Late Victorian style brick building built in 1892 and enlarged in 1896 and 1905. Attached to the headquarters building is a warehouse. In 1983-1984, the complex was renovated as offices and apartments.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It is located in the West Durham Historic District.</p><br>
<p>North Durham County Prison Camp, also known as Durham County Tuberculosis Sanatorium, is a historic prison ad sanatorium located at Durham, Durham County, North Carolina. It was built in 1925, and is a three-story, "T"-shaped, Italianate style brick building. The building measures 232 feet long and has 17,000 square feet of floorspace. It features a three bay, Tuscan order portico in the Colonial Revival style. The building was originally constructed to serve as a prison facility. It housed a prison between 1925 and 1938, was converted for use as a tuberculosis sanatorium beginning in 1944 and continued this function until 1953. It then housed WTVD Television Corporation until 1979.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Aldinga Bay is a bay located on the east coast of Gulf St Vincent in South Australia about 40 km south-southwest of Adelaide city centre.</p><br>
<h2>Extent & description</h2><br>
<p>Aldinga Bay lies between Snapper Point in the suburb of Aldinga Beach at its northern extremity and ‘Myponga Jetty’ in the locality of Myponga Beach at its southern extremity.</p><br>
<h2>Ports and other settlements</h2><br>
<p>The bay has no infrastructure for maritime use apart from access to the beach from the road network to launch and retrieve small boats at specific locations permitted by the local government authority, the City of Onkaparinga.</p><br>
<p>The following settlements are located along its coastline from north to south - Aldinga Beach and Sellicks Beach in the City of Onkaparinga and Myponga Beach in the District Council of Yankalilla.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas</h2><br>
<p>The waters of Aldinga Bay are within the Encounter Marine Park while the south eastern part of the Aldinga Reef Aquatic Reserve is within the bay.</p><br>
<h2>Citations and references</h2><br>
<h3>Citations</h3><br>
<p>Downtown Durham Historic District is a national historic district located at Durham, Durham County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 97 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure in the central business district of Durham. The buildings primarily date from the first four decades of the 20th century and include notable examples of Colonial Revival, Italianate, and Art Deco architecture. Notable buildings include the St. Philip&#39;s Episcopal Church , Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church , First Baptist Church , Durham County Courthouse , Durham Auditorium , Tempest Building , National Guard Armory , United States Post Office , Trust Building , First National Bank Building , Mechanics and Farmers Bank , Johnson Motor Company showroom , Hill Building , Snow Building , and S. H. Kress store.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>On August 14, 2017 a 15-foot-high statue of an armed Confederate soldier was torn down in front of the 1916 Durham County Courthouse by demonstrators. The destruction of the statue followed the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia where one counter-demonstrator was killed.</p><br>
<p>West Durham Historic District is a national historic district located at Durham, Durham County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 101 contributing buildings in a mixed industrial, commercial, and residential section of Durham. The buildings primarily date after 1892 and include notable examples of Classical Revival, Italianate, and Queen Anne architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Erwin Cotton Mills Company Mill No. 1 Headquarters Building. Other notable buildings include Erwin Cotton Mills Co. Mill No. 4 , Erwin Cotton Mills Co. workers housing , Fidelity Bank , E. K. Powe School , Blacknall Memorial Presbyterian Church , and St. Josephs Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Gumihorn is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, the highest point of the Schynige Platte ridge, located at the western end of the Schwarzhorn group. It forms a limestone tower, overlooking the valley of the Lütschine. At 2,099 m, it is the highest summit lying west of the Loucherhorn.</p><br>
<p>The Gumihorn lies between the municipalities of Gsteigwiler and Gündlischwand, in the canton of Bern. Although its summit cannot be easily climbed, two other slightly lower summits on both sides of the peak can be easily reached from the Schynige Platte railway station, hence allowing a 360-degree view of the region. The highest is named Tuba or Daube (2,076 m; to the north) and the other, directly above the railway station, is named Geiss (2,067 m; to the south).</p><br>
<p>The Public Library of Fryeburg, Maine is located at 515 Main Street. The library is located in a stone building, which was built in 1832 as the District No. 1 Schoolhouse, and is one of only two known 19th-century stone schoolhouses in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The main block of the library is a 1-1/2 story structure, whose first level is built of ten courses of ashlar granite blocks. The gable ends of upper half-story are clad in clapboards. The main entrance faces west in a recessed, paneled doorway. Two wood-frame ells extend north and south from the rear portion of the building, giving it a T shape. One of these wings, added in 1957, was donated by Clarence E. Mulford, the noted author of Hopalong Cassidy and other western novels, and now contains memorabilia related to him. The other was added on 1973, and extends the building from where there was originally a secondary entrance. Its construction was funded by John Weston, and houses the town&#39;s local history collection.</p><br>
<p>The schoolhouse was built in 1832, and was, at the time of its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, one of only two known surviving 19th-century stone schoolhouses in the state, and by far the best-preserved. It was used by the town until the construction of another school in 1903, at which time is given to the Fryeburg Women&#39;s Library Club, which had been founded in 1890 to maintain a library collection for the village. The library is now owned and maintained by the town.</p><br>
<p>The Thornton-Smith Building, located at 340 Yonge Street, is a prominent heritage building in the heart of downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Since the completion of the building in the twenties, Yonge Street has seen many transformations and while tenants in the building have reflected these changes The Thornton-Smith Building itself has remained true to its original architecture.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed in 1922 by John M. Lyle (1872-1945) for The Thornton-Smith Company, a British antique and interior design firm. Lyle, who was one of the pre-eminent architects in Canada at the time, was very vocal about the proliferation of false shopfronts and unregulated billboards on Yonge Street. Through The Thornton-Smith Building he was given the opportunity to inject an architectural gem amongst much less distinguished buildings in the increasingly crowded Yonge Street retail corridor. In 1926 his design received the first gold medal awarded by the Ontario Association of Architects, along with recognition in international architectural journals in London and New York.</p><br>
<p>Today, Thornton-Smith is a very vibrant building and is occupied on the main floor by Champs Sports, an international retailer and on the second floor by Salad King, a Toronto “landmark” that has been serving Thai food in the neighbourhood for over 20 years. A new heritage event venue named the Aperture Room opened in April 2015 to bring some of the history back to this part of Yonge Street.</p><br>
<h2>Yonge Street</h2><br>
<h3>Growth of Yonge Street retail</h3><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, downtown Yonge Street was dominated by important Victorian-era retail properties, most notably the Eaton’s and Simpsons stores at Yonge Street and Queen Street West. These huge department stores were surrounded by smaller commercial properties, a mix of building styles and materials in various states of repair with awnings and signage jutting out over the busy sidewalk. The result was a cramped streetscape which assaulted the senses as retailers clamoured for pedestrians’ attention.</p><br>
<p>The mid-20th century saw major changes to the appearance of Yonge Street as landmark buildings were demolished, modern structures added, and construction begun on the Yonge Line of the Toronto Transit Commission’s subway system. From 1949-54, subway construction crews dug tunnels underneath Yonge Street, closing portions of the street as work progressed and blocking pedestrian and vehicle access. These interruptions, combined with the relocation of many Toronto residents from downtown to suburban communities following World War II, meant that Yonge Street businesses saw a decline in customer traffic. The post-war period saw a shift from traditional clothing and housewares retailers on Yonge Street towards live music and adult entertainment establishments, capitalizing on the availability of space, transit-accessible location, proximity of Toronto’s existing nightlife and entertainment venues, and the relaxation of obscenity laws in Canada during the 1960s. “Taverns became strip clubs, bookstores branched into adult materials, and entrepreneurs opened erotic massage parlours,” giving Yonge Street a seedy reputation amongst Torontonians.</p><br>
<p>The late 20th century saw the gradual revitalization of the downtown Yonge Street area, led by the opening of major retail spaces and formal organization of local businesses. The Toronto Eaton Centre opened in 1977, bringing the shopping mall from the suburbs to the downtown core and driving daytime shopping traffic to the area once more. Starting in the 1960s, three stores in particular served as retail anchors on Yonge Street, pulling shoppers north of Dundas Street: Sam the Record Man (1961), A&A Records (1974), and the World’s Biggest Bookstore (1980). Growing interest in revitalizing downtown Yonge Street resulted in the creation of the Downtown Yonge Business Improvement Area (2001), giving local business owners a chance to collaborate and advocate together for improvements to Yonge Street.</p><br>
<h3>Yonge Street as gathering place</h3><br>
<p>The presence of major retailers has consistently drawn shopping, pedestrian, and tourist traffic to the downtown Yonge Street area, making it natural gathering space for celebration, protest, and community-building. Businesses along Yonge Street have borne witness to major social, political, and community events since the mid-19th century, including military parades (during World War I and World War II), Royal visits, victory celebrations (after the Second Boer War, Armistice Day, V-E Day, and V-J Day), student protests, marathons, cultural heritage parades (including annual Caribana, Santa Claus Parade, Festival of India, and St. Patrick’s Day parades), and civil rights activism (Pride Week events, and the 1992 Yonge St. Riot). Downtown Yonge Street has also been at the center of celebrations of Canadian and Toronto sports teams such as when Canada won the Olympic Gold Medal in 2010 and when the Blue Jays won the World Series in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The role of Yonge Street as a major North-South thoroughfare, centre of retail activity, and inclusion in numerous annual parade routes contributed to the push to develop community space, starting in the 1970s. From 1971-74, portions of Yonge Street were closed to form a pedestrian mall. The Downtown Yonge Business Improvement Area association led the creation of Yonge-Dundas Square on the southeast corner of Yonge Street and Dundas Street East, providing a public venue to feature live performances and public events. The square has hosted concerts, live sporting events, film screenings, art installations, vigils, and festivals, as well as become an unofficial gathering place for Torontonians in times of celebration following local sports victories. Often referred to as “Toronto’s Times Square,” Yonge-Dundas Square has ensured a constant spotlight on the Downtown Yonge area.</p><br>
<h3>Music on Yonge</h3><br>
<p>With the growth of Yonge Street as a commercial centre by the early 20th century, live entertainment venues began opening along the street in order to capitalize on the near-constant crowds of pedestrians and vehicles. These venues included Massey Hall (opened in 1893 and renovated in 1933), Loew’s Yonge Street Theatre (opened 1913, today the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres), Pantages Theatre (opened 1920, today the Ed Mirvish Theatre), the Eaton’s College Street location (opened 1930, today College Park), The Brown Derby (1949), Le Coq d’Or (1950s), and the Zanzibar Tavern (opened in 1960).</p><br>
<p>The music scene along Yonge Street in the 1950s and 60s was furnished by a number of changes to both the law and the local area. The formalization of the Liquor Licensing Board of Ontario in 1947 meant that drinking and live entertainment could occur in the same venue. Located at Yonge St. and Gould St. since 1948 (directly across from 340 Yonge Street), the Ryerson Polytechnical Institute brought young students to the area in large numbers, and became a degree-granting institution in 1971. In venues like the The Hawk’s Nest, The Colonial Tavern, The Sapphire Tavern, Club Blue Note, and Club 888, the R&B-inflected Toronto Sound was refined by rock bands such as Ronnie Hawkins and the Hawks (later The Band), Jack London and the Sparrows (later Steppenwolf), and the Mynah Birds. Gordon Lightfoot was also a regular performer at Steele’s Tavern, between A&A’s and Sam the Record Man.</p><br>
<p>With the push for the revival of downtown Yonge Street in the early 2000s, live musical performances became a regular occurrence in order to draw people to the area. Concerts, often sponsored the HMV store at 333 Yonge Street, included Alice Cooper (1991), Green Day (1997), and Red Hot Chili Peppers (1999). Live performances were later moved south to Yonge-Dundas Square, growing in scale and attracting musicians from all genres. More recently, Lady Antebellum, Serena Ryder, Julie Black and the Tragically Hip have performed concerts at Yonge-Dundas Square. These performances have brought thousands of spectators to the area and often shut down portions of Yonge Street, adding to the reputation of the downtown Yonge area as an ongoing outdoor venue and cultural hotspot.</p><br>
<h2>Description of building</h2><br>
<p>The Thornton-Smith Building sits on the west side of Yonge Street in downtown Toronto, south of Elm Street. Its facade features five two-storey showroom windows surmounted by arches made of stone voussoirs, with pilasters in between each window. The capital of each pilaster column features a small circular medaillon. The size and prominence of the windows, combined with a row of seven sash windows on the third storey, emphasize the overall thinness of the facade. The use of a metal substructure to carry the weight of the building allowed for a flat facade surface, on which natural light could play. The facade is covered with light-grey ashlar Indiana limestone, with decorative metal window spandrels, and architraves delineating the first and second floors. A steep ornamental roof of interlocking tiles overhangs the front of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building at 340 Yonge Street demonstrated a restrained use of Classical architectural elements - the arch, the architrave, the pilaster, and the medaillon - in contrast to the “meanness” of the surrounding streetscape, with “its proliferation of false shopfronts... defaced by unregulated billboard and store signage, all hidden behind electrical and streetcar poles and wires.”</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>The Thornton-Smith Building was designed by Irish-born architect John M. Lyle, a leader in the Toronto architecture profession and champion of the neoclassical Beaux-Arts style. Having grown up in Hamilton, Ontario, Lyle studied architecture at Yale University and at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, France. Upon graduation in 1896, he worked for architectural firms Howard & Cauldwell and Carrere & Hastings in New York City In 1905, Lyle returned to Toronto design and build the Royal Alexandra Theatre on King Street. This prominent commission enabled him to establish his own practice, Atelier Lyle.</p><br>
<p>Lyle helped disseminate Beaux-Arts Classicism through his commissions. While the style peaked in America prior to the First World War, many younger Canadian architects championed the use of Beaux-Arts well into the 1920s - Lyle was considered a leader amongst this faction of professionals. His style grew to incorporate floral and faunal motifs inspired by the Post-Impressionist style of Canadian painters The Group of Seven.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, the Ontario Association of Architects held an exhibition of members’ post-war works, at which Lyle exhibited drawings for the Thornton-Smith Building along with two other structures. Deemed “the finest work on view at the present convention,” the Lyle won first place in the commercial category and the OAA’s first gold medal award for his work on the Thornton-Smith Building.</p><br>
<p>The building became a featured portfolio accomplishment for Lyle, who later designed the Commemorative Arch at the Royal Military College in Kingston, Ontario, Union Station in Toronto, Ontario, and the Thomas B. McQuesten High Level Bridge in Hamilton, Ontario.</p><br>
<h3>Thornton-Smith Company</h3><br>
<p>The opening of the Thornton-Smith Company was led by painter and decorator Mabel Cawthra Adamson (1871-1943), member of the prominent Cawthra family of Toronto. Adamson studied at the Guild of Handicrafts under Charles Robert Ashbee (1863-1942) while living in England from 1902-3, a centre of the British-led Arts and Crafts design movement. Upon her return to Canada in 1903, she co-founded and was elected the first president of the Society of Arts and Crafts in Canada. Later renamed the Canadian Society of Applied Art, the group made a conscious effort to provide the individual names of artisans featured in annual exhibitions in order to foster appreciation of Canadian craftspeople and manufacturers.</p><br>
<p>In 1903, Adamson established the first Canadian branch of the Thornton-Smith Company, to capitalize on the popularity of Arts and Crafts furnishings within Toronto’s consumer market. The Company’s first art director was Scottish-born decorator Peter Charles Browne. The Thornton-Smith Company sold fabrics, drapery, carpets, windows, mosaics, custom-designed furniture, period reproduction furniture, and electric fixtures. Along with providing interior design services for individual clients and architects, and specialized in the decoration of churches and theatres</p><br>
<p>Through connections made by Adamson’s husband, Agar Adamson (1865-1929), the Company was hired to furnish the Senate Chamber in Ottawa in 1904. This much-publicized refurbishment was followed by a commission in 1906-7 to decorate the new Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto under architect John M. Lyle. Adamson’s family provided key legal and financial support for the growth of the Thornton-Smith Company, with her husband Agar serving as titular head of the firm. In 1921, Mabel Adamson’s brother William Herbert (“Bertie”) Cawthra hired Lyle’s firm, Atelier Lyle, to design and build a new location for the Thornton-Smith Company at 340 Yonge Street</p><br>
<h3>Prominent tenants</h3><br>
<p>When The Thornton-Smith Company opened in 1922, the northerly entrance of the building was leased to Laura Secord Chocolates. The confectionery company, founded by Frank P. O’Connor in 1913, had opened its first retail location just a few doors north at 350 Yonge Street but relocated to 340 Yonge Street as can be seen in a photo taken in the 20’s.</p><br>
<p>During the 1950s the Thornton-Smith Building housed Allen Stores Limited, which occupied both 340 and 346 Yonge Street. The department store sold women’s wear and home furnishings, and was considered a discount alternative to Eaton’s.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, brothers Jack and Ken Rutherford moved their growing photography store, The Toronto Camera Exchange, from Church Street to the new location at 340 Yonge Street. Started by their father George Rutherford in 1946, the company quickly became a major Canadian photographic supplier with stores and a mail-order business which reached photographers across the country. The Toronto Camera Centre at 340 Yonge Street occupied all four floors of the Thornton-Smith Building, and became Canada’s largest photographic store.</p><br>
<p>Since the mid-1990s, a number of other prominent businesses have occupied The Thornton-Smith Building, including Foot Locker, an international retailer and Reilly’s Restaurant & Bar a well-known pub in the neighbourhood which hosted many successful events over the years including Ryerson Pub Nights.</p><br>
<p>Today, Thornton-Smith is a very vibrant building and is occupied on the main floor by Champs Sports, an international retailer and on the second floor by Salad King, a Toronto “landmark” that has been serving Thai food in the neighbourhood for over 20 years.</p><br>
<p>The third floor is home to a newly renovated, loft-like event space called the Aperture Room. Named and designed with the building and neighbourhood&#39;s history in mind, the space features exposed brick, hardwood floors, plaster ceilings and three large skylights. The open floor plan can accommodate 120 seated guests, and up to 180 reception-style for a wide variety of events including cocktail receptions, business events, weddings or concerts.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage recognition</h2><br>
<p>The Thornton-Smith Building is one of the few surviving early 20th-century buildings on the west side of Yonge Street between Dundas Street East and Gould Street. North of Gould, 362A Yonge Street (c.1914) is also identified on the City’s heritage inventory. Most of the remaining building stock which represented the early 20th century development of Yonge Street as the City’s “main street” has been replaced or concealed by large billboard signs.</p><br>
<p>On March 15, 1974, the Thornton-Smith Building was added to Inventory of Heritage Properties maintained by the former City of Toronto, making it a listed heritage building.</p><br>
<p>Whitehouse&#39;s Bakery is a heritage-listed former bakery at 91 Patrick Street, Laidley, Lockyer Valley Region,Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1904 to 1905. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Whitehouse&#39;s Bakery building at Laidley is a substantial two-storey, brick building which was constructed around 1904-1905 for local farmer, baker and confectioner, Charles James Whitehouse. It was the second bakery building CJ Whitehouse had built on the site since he bought the land in 1885, replacing a former timber structure.</p><br>
<p>At the time the present bakery was constructed, the Lockyer Valley was one of the most prosperous agricultural districts in Queensland, and this prosperity was reflected in the flurry of building activity in Laidley which saw the town nearly double in size, and many of the earlier timber buildings replaced with substantial brick buildings. These included the new Exchange Hotel, Neilsons new Central Hall (1902), the new Geismanns buildings (1902) and Wymans new store in 1906 as well as Whitehouses bakery. As the principal town in the Lockyer district, Laidley was granted its own town council, distinct from Laidley Shire Council, in 1902.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the bakery was constructed was subject to some very rapid land transactions in 1885. On 3 July the original 1860 land grant to James Fletcher was seized to Isabella Fletcher. On the same day a portion of that land was sold to Charles Nathan Schureck who subsequently purchased several other blocks of land in the subdivision. One month later, on 4 August 1885 the land was sold to Charles James Whitehouse.</p><br>
<p>Charles James Whitehouse came to Laidley by a circuitous route from his birthplace in London in 1840. As a youth he was apprenticed to an Indian Merchantman in which he sailed to India, spending time in Calcutta during a mutiny on the vessel. He travelled to St Helena, Mauritius, New Caledonia and Melbourne where he obtained work at Mordialloc. Later he obtained work in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales as a miner and farmer. In 1867 Whitehouse married Sarah Ann, the daughter of a Mr White of Laidley by whom he had two daughters and four sons, one of whom died in infancy. For eighteen years he worked with the Queensland Railways as an engine driver, and in 1885 established a business in Laidley as a baker and confectioner. For a time he worked the 600 acres of land he had purchased at Laidley before handing it over to the care of a bailiff in order to concentrate on his business as a baker and confectioner for a period of eleven years. His business was conducted from Patrick Street. He retired to his farm at the age of 64 years and had virtually handed over responsibility for the farm to two of his sons, CJ (jnr.) and Benjamin. The farming business, like many in the district, was devoted principally to the production of lucerne-growing and dairying.</p><br>
<p>According to the testimony of Alice Maud Mann (a longstanding owner of the bakery), Whitehousess bakery was significantly damaged during the floods of 1893 and subsequent to this blow CJ Whitehouse requested Edward Mann to take-over the running of the bakery business. In 1904, CJWs son, Benjamin, aged 26 years, undertook the management of the bakery in Patrick Street, Laidley, around the time of construction of the new two-storey brick establishment by his father at the Patrick Street address where the original bakery had once stood. It is interesting to note, however, that the 1906 Post Office Directory (QPOD) still listed only one baker in Laidley, an Edward Mann. The 1910-11 QPOD listed Benjamin Whitehouse as the baker but it is reported that Edward Mann was the actual baker and resident at the Patrick Street Bakery.</p><br>
<p>Charles James Whitehouse died on 22 November 1920 and the property passed to his two sons, CJ Whitehouse Jnr and David Hansford Whitehouse. The property had been in the Whitehouse family for some sixty five years before being sold to Jack Mann in October 1950. Jack Mann was the son Edward Mann and had previously been lessor of the property when it was in the ownership of Charles MacDonald Whitehouse, grandson of the original owner. On the death of Jack Mann in 1988 the property passed to his wife Alice Maud Mann who continued to reside there until 1995. According to Alice Mann she and Jack Mann had been associated with the bakery for a total of 67 years</p><br>
<p>Alice Mann also states that the bakery was damaged two more times by floods in 1959 and in 1974 when the external ovens at the very rear of the property were damaged beyond affordable repair. The remains of these brick ovens are still on the property.</p><br>
<p>Alice Mann ceased residing in the bakery when the property was sold to Ruth Brunton, Alice&#39;s sister-in-law. The property then passed out of the family and was sold to Julie Brimblecombe. At this stage the former bakery building was used as an arts and crafts space. In the beginning of 2001 the building stood vacant.</p><br>
<p>In June 2001 major reconstructive work was undertaken on the southern wall of the kitchen section of the building which was funded by an EPA Heritage Grant. The wall which was demonstrating major cracking and leaning was dismantled brick by brick and reconstructed with the original bricks to the original design.</p><br>
<p>The last transfer of ownership was to Mr Geoffery Hand in September 2001 and at that stage was still vacant.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former bakery building stands on the Western side of Patrick Street and forms part of a group of substantial late nineteenth and early twentieth century commercial buildings within the main precinct of Laidley township.</p><br>
<p>The former bakery is a two storey, red face brick building with large shop front windows on the ground floor to Patrick Street and a narrow verandah on the upper floor with cast iron balustrade panels and an awning over the footpath. The building has a hipped roof structure with decorative parapet displaying art-nouveau characteristics on the facade. There are two single storey structures of the same brick at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor Patrick Street elevation displays four chamfered timber awning posts symmetrically placed framing the openings along the front face brick wall. There are two large shop front display windows with an angled bay design. These windows flank a central doorway surmounted by a rectangular fanlight, a former public entrance to the bakery service area. Another doorway, surmounted by an arched fanlight, stands at the northern end of the front elevation, a private entry to a separate room.</p><br>
<p>The upper level elevation displays decorative cast iron balustrade panels which were first patented in Victoria by A. Maclean in 1877. The verandah is under a separate convex, corrugated-iron, awning supported by four slender timber columns with simple capitals at the top, and the edges of the awning are decorated by a cast iron frieze.</p><br>
<p>The Anglo-Dutch parapet is surmounted with three spherical finials and the central pediment displays in relief the year: "1905". Two pilasters extend from below this central pediment and are each decorated with rectangular blue tile inserts and they flank a decorative geometrical motiff in the centre of the parapet. On either side of the pilasters a curved line emanating from the curved edge of the parapet culminates in a scroll at the middle of the pilasters. There are two shorter pilasters at either end of the parapet which also display blue tile inserts. The general decorative appearance of the parapet is of an art-nouveau style. The front wall of the verandah is also of face brick and has three double French doors with rectangular fanlights.</p><br>
<p>The sides of the building have sash windows to both levels and along the structures at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The two storey section of the bakery has an attached single storey brick room with skillion roof on the rear southern corner (formerly a preparation room for the bakery). This structure is accessed by a door on the northern side which lands on a patio area constructed of original bricks from different portions of the building. These bricks display heart-shaped frog marks. This structure, although attached to the main building, has no internal access to it. A second detached structure stands directly to the rear of the first and is connected only by a breezeway. This second structure has a hipped roof and is accessed by a door from the breezeway. It has a large chimney at the rear of the building which serviced two large bread ovens. Internally the iron doors to these ovens are still in situ on the rear wall, however, the brick interiors of the ovens which protruded externally out of the rear wall are in ruins.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the two storey section of the bakery is characterised by timber floors, high ceilings and timber VJ or rendered brick internal walls. There are four rooms on the ground floor. The former servery is a large rectangular room running parallel to Patrick Street. The wide timber floor boards are bowed at the northern end of the room from the constant weight of people tending the service counter which once stood in this position.</p><br>
<p>Next to this room is a smaller room running perpendicular to Patrick Street. Directly behind this room is another of the same dimensions. The largest room is located centrally in the rear portion of the building and contains a large timber staircase to the upper level. The timber balustrades on the staircase are of an unusual decorative design.</p><br>
<p>The upper level contains three bedrooms and one bathroom. Two of the bedrooms have access to the front verandah via the French doors. The internal doorways have rectangular fanlights with decorative timber fretwork. The walls and ceilings are of timber VJs and all of the rooms have ceiling roses. The interior and exterior of the building and out-buildings is remarkably intact.</p><br>
<p>The bakery is set within a small garden with mature plantings surrounded by a timber fence. A large palm tree on the north east corner of the building would be of considerable age.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Whitehouse&#39;s Bakery (former), Laidley was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history as the substantial nature of its construction around the beginning of the 20th century reflects a period of renewed building activity and economic solidification in the town of Laidley, a trend common in many rural towns in Queensland at the time.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former bakery building is a good example of its type displaying many of the original characteristics of a turn-of-the-century bakery. The brick ovens and associated physical infrastructure of the bakery are still in situ providing a clear picture of the processes associated with the production of bread.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former bakery has important aesthetic value as a prominent, well composed building in the centre of Laidley which contributes highly to the streetscape of the main street, Patrick Street. Its design and decorative features together with the surrounding garden, in particular the mature palm tree on the north-east corner of the block, all contribute to the aesthetic significance of the place.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It also has special association with the community of Laidley as a local landmark and a place of service for nearly a century.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a long association with the life and work of two Laidley families, the Whitehouse and Mann families, who were directly involved with the construction and running of the local bakery and as such were important members of the Laidley community since its very early days.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Historic District, also called Trinity Park is a national historic district and residential neighborhood located near the East Campus of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. The district encompasses 751 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Durham. They were built between the 1890s and 1960 and include notable examples of Queen Anne and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed "Faculty Row" cottage: the Bassett House, Cranford-Wannamaker House, Crowell House, and Pegram House. Other notable buildings include the George W. Watts School , Julian S. Carr Junior High School , Durham High School , Durham Alliance Church , Trinity Presbyterian Church , Great A & P Tea Company , Grace Lutheran Church , and the former Greek Orthodox Community Church .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, with a boundary increases in 2004 and 2008.</p><br>
<p>Lake Boga, a freshwater endorheic lake that is managed by Goulburn–Murray Water as a water storage, is part of the Victorian Mid Murray Storages, is located near in The Mallee region of Victoria, in southeastern Australia. The 940 hectare lake is situated about 19 km southeast of Swan Hill and adjacent to the town of the same name.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, Lake Boga was used as a repair and service depot for flying boats at the Lake Boga Flying Boat Base which was established in June 1942 and closed in November 1947.</p><br>
<h2>Water storage</h2><br>
<p>Lake Boga has a capacity of 37,794 ML at the full supply level of 69.5 m and a surface area of 940 hectare. Under normal operation, water levels in Lake Boga vary between levels of 69.5 m and 67.22 m. At the level of 67.22 m, there is a depth of up to 2 m of water in the deepest parts of the lake. Although operation and lake levels will vary from season to season, in general water will be harvested into Lake Boga during the winter and spring months. Subject to sufficient water to</p><br>
<p>harvest, the lake generally will be full around November to December.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, after a period of the lake being dry, water started flowing into the lake during 2010, and by 2011, the lake was one of many rivers and water storage facilities in Victoria that was flooded as a result of the 2011 Victorian floods.</p><br>
<p>Mount Booker, with an elevation of 8,284 ft, is located in the North Cascades of Washington, about 1.5 miles SE of Mount Buckner, between Park Creek and Stehekin River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Landscape painter Abby Williams Hill, of Tacoma, Washington, was contracted by the Great Northern Railway Company to paint pictures of the North Cascades, and she first painted Mount Booker in 1903. At the time of Hill’s painting, the mountain had not yet been named; newspaper critics called it “No-name mountain.”</p><br>
<p>Abby Hill wrote to the National Geological Survey to determine the mountain’s name, and the agency offered her the opportunity to name it. She had previously traveled to visit Booker T. Washington (d. 1915), and she attended his lectures in Tuskegee, Alabama, in the fall of 1901. She was also very moved by her experiences with Jim Crow laws in the South, as well as by Washington’s lectures. As a result, Abby Hill named the mountain in honor of Booker T. Washington.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent of the Northeast face of Mt. Booker was completed by Dan Davis and John Holland on August 22, 1964</p><br>
<p>Corduroy Road Remains is a heritage-listed archaeological site at Toowoomba-Ipswich Road, Laidley, Lockyer Valley Region, Queensland, Australia. The site contains the remnants of the former main dray road between Ipswich and Drayton, which had been upgraded from a track to a corduroy  road between the 1850s and 1860s, using grey ironbark logs .</p><br>
<p>The road improved access to the Darling Downs, and was one of a number of works during that era aimed at creating a more trafficable route to the area. However, complaints about poor road conditions continued until the roads were sealed decades later. The remnants are buried below 100-200mm of soil, which has limited attempts to assess the condition or surviving length of the road. In the 1970s, the former Shire of Laidley proposed having the road surveyed and researched with a view to exposing a small section for public viewing; however, no action was taken. The site was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 19th century, the road between Ipswich and Drayton was one of the main roads of the Moreton Bay district. It was established in the 1840s as a bridle track between head stations, but soon became the principal route for wool drays and supplies, and by 1852 was listed by the New South Wales government as the only first-class road in the Moreton Bay area. Just four years earlier, however, it was described as being in a "wretched condition and by 1859 very little had changed with the Darling Downs Gazette pointing out that "the road of Christian in Bunyans Pilgrim&#39;s Progress was a bowling green" in comparison to the Ipswich to Drayton route. This was not a unique circumstance, with Queensland road networks in general described as "always bad and often impassable" in the Statistical Register of 1860. With a constant lack of money and a decentralized system of road administration it would be some time before conditions improved. Road construction was expensive and labour-intensive with no local authority to pay for or facilitate road building.</p><br>
<p>As settlement spread the development and maintenance of roads became essential for a burgeoning rural economy. During the 1850s efforts were made to improve the passage to the Darling Downs. At Laidley Creek the banks were graded and a low wooden bridge was erected in 1850 at the instigation of the Downs squatters. The following year, the Colonial government spent £300 in the Moreton Bay district, including £170 on road improvements on the Darling Downs route. In 1854, Phillip D. Vigors was appointed by the New South Wales government as Surveyor of Moreton Bay Roads and instructed to oversee the construction of a trafficable road from Brisbane through Ipswich to Drayton. The work was painstakingly slow and when Vigors resigned in 1856 he reported &#39;there is abundant work for the next year at least for two surveyors to do nothing but survey and mark the roads in the district". More money was injected into road development in the Laidley area in May 1857 when the Brisbane Board of Works allocated £500 to build a bridge over Laidley Creek - a project completed 6 years later. It seems most likely that it was during this period of development in the 1850s and 1860s that the corduroy road was constructed.</p><br>
<p>The practice of building corduroy roads was common in Europe by the 18th century and was also a common form of construction in America during the post-colonial period. It involved overlapping full or half rounds of logs together transversely and was used in swampy areas as a cheap and simple method of stabilizing road foundations. With the scarcity of labour and financial resources in colonial Queensland, corduroy roads became an important and viable means of dealing with poor road conditions. Moreover, their simple method of construction meant that the employment of an engineer was not required as was the case with the more advanced and more expensive practice of building plank roads, as delineated in 1852 by Captain Payne, a former Royal Engineer, and as tabled in the New South Wales Legislative Council the following year.</p><br>
<p>In the Laidley region, bad road conditions remained a continuing problem until surfaced roads were laid. In 1893 a report in The Queensland Times outlined the frustration of Laidley farmers who "were prevented from conveying... to market on account of the heavy and boggy nature of the roads, caused by the excessive rainfalls". As early as 1859 the area where the remains of the corduroy road are located was described by a surveyor as "lightly inundated" owing to its flatness. With a plentiful supply of gum and ironbark nearby, it was an ideal and necessary location for a corduroy road.</p><br>
<p>While corduroy roads were an effective means of traversing a quagmire, they were far from perfect. With rudimentary suspension systems in coaches of the day, travellers found corduroy sections to be far from comfortable. They were also subject to the kind of disrepair that made travel more precarious, as Nehemiah Bartley noted in his reminiscences of his business trips of 1854-55 to the Darling Downs in Opals and Agates: "The next day I had to tackle the scrub on the Spicers Peak Gap. This road... had been at one time paved with thick pine logs - a corduroy&#39; road, in fact - and, while it lasted, all was well. But, the place was naturally almost a bottomless morass, full of springs; the logs had rotted in the middle, and the sound ends titled up in all directions; a lovely chevaux de frise. It was an awful place for horse, bullock, or vehicle of any kind, to face, the titled logs adding to the pitfalls of the boggy ground".</p><br>
<p>While the corduroy road at Laidley remains unexposed it is not possible to determine the condition in which it now exists. A proposal to have the road surveyed and researched with a view to exposing a small section for public viewing was discussed by the Laidley Shire Council in the 1970s, but to date no further action has been taken.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The corduroy road remnants are located on the Old Toowoomba Road between Head Road and Mulgowie Road, 1 km southwest of Laidley. While the exact extent of the corduroy road cannot be determined, it is possible that it originally extended across current freehold properties adjacent to the Old Toowoomba Road.</p><br>
<p>Corduroy roads in general were constructed by overlapping full or half rounds of logs transversely and commonly used in swampy areas to stabilize road foundations. Gravel was sometimes used to seal the surface and due to the surrounding conditions corduroy roads were often covered by mud. The corduroy road at Laidley remains buried below 100-200mm of soil, making an assessment of its current physical condition impossible. In 1976, a section of wood from this road was forwarded to the Department of Forestry for investigation. It was revealed that the logs used were grey ironbark (Eucalyptus drepanophylla), a species in plentiful supply nearby, and that some deterioration of the wood had occurred owing to wet rot and termite attack.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Corduroy Road remains at Laidley was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history insofar as it provides evidence of the earliest development of road networks in the Moreton Bay district during the 19th century and the means used by early settlers to cope with the poor condition of roads during this period. With the growth of the Darling Downs from the 1850s onwards there was a necessity to improve communication between communities and market access for farmers. The corduroy road is an example of the practical and inexpensive method employed to ameliorate road conditions in a period when funding for road improvements in the northern districts of New South Wales was limited to occasional government votes.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The corduroy road demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places, being a representative example of a once common technique of road building which did not require specific engineering skills and was readily employed by local farmers and residents to overcome difficult conditions along supply and communication routes.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The corduroy road demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places, being a representative example of a once common technique of road building which did not require specific engineering skills and was readily employed by local farmers and residents to overcome difficult conditions along supply and communication routes.</p><br>
<p>Exchange Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 134-138 Patrick Street, Laidley, Lockyer Valley Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eaton & Bates and built in 1902. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Exchange Hotel at Laidley, a two-storeyed brick building, was constructed in 1902 for publicans Julius and Hansine Jocumsen, and replaced an earlier hotel of the same name on the site. It was erected during one of the most significant growth periods in Laidley&#39;s history, and although modest in size and scale, reflects in style and materials the confidence and optimism of a small, prosperous, turn-of-the-century country town.</p><br>
<p>Laidley was established in the 1850s as a transport stop along the main dray route from Brisbane and Ipswich to Toowoomba and the Darling Downs, and following the late 1850s subdivision of the Lockyer Creek floodplains, developed as the centre of a small agricultural district. A village of Laidley, located on the rise just south of the present town, was surveyed in 1858. In the mid-1860s the Southern and Western Railway was constructed about a mile to the north of the village, at which time a second survey of Laidley town blocks, this time near the proposed railway station, was undertaken in 1865. A small township developed around Laidley station during the construction of the railway, but after the gangers moved on or took up farms in the district in the late 1860s, this township consisted of little but the two-storeyed iron station building, and Laidley village to the south remained the principal town.</p><br>
<p>From the mid-1870s, however, the area around the Laidley railway station gradually became the focus of an expanding and increasingly prosperous agricultural district, and by the early 1890s had a population of over 600. The first Exchange Hotel, a single-storeyed timber building erected c.1876 for local farmer and storekeeper Frederick Chambers, was one of the earliest buildings in the relocated town. Chambers acquired title to the site in October 1877, and the property was retained by him, and later his wife Mary, until it was transferred to the Royal Bank of Queensland Ltd in 1895. In February 1896, title passed to Laidley storekeeper, produce merchant and publican August Giesemann, and then in early 1900 to Hansine Jocumsen, who had acquired the license in 1898.</p><br>
<p>From 1 December 1901, publican William Bergland, formerly a supervisor at Peter Murphys Transcontinental Hotel in Brisbane, took out a 10 year lease of the Exchange, Laidleys oldest hotel, and paid £1,100 for the goodwill and furniture. When reporting this on 28 November 1901, the Queensland Times also commented that: "It is Mr Jocumsen&#39;s intention to erect a large brick building in the near future, the present structure being decidedly out of keeping with the increase of business".</p><br>
<p>At the turn of the century, the Lockyer Valley was one of the most prosperous agricultural districts in Queensland, and this prosperity was reflected in a flurry of building activity in Laidley, which saw the town nearly double in size, and many of the earlier timber structures replaced with substantial brick buildings. These included the new Exchange Hotel (1902), Nielsons new Central Hall (1902), the new Giesemanns buildings (1902), Whitehouses Bakery, and Wymans new store (1906). As the principal town in the Lockyer district, Laidley was granted its own town council, distinct from Laidley Shire Council, in 1902.</p><br>
<p>In March–April 1902, architects Eaton & Bates, with offices in Brisbane, Rockhampton, Mount Morgan, Longreach, Clermont, Gladstone, Maryborough and Townsville, called tenders for the erection of a two-storeyed brick hotel at Laidley for Mrs Hansen (sic) Jocumsen. Eaton and Bates were experienced designers of rural hotels, including the Normanby at Rockhampton (1890s), the Great Western and Imperial hotels at Longreach (both erected 1898-99), the Royal Hotel at Maryborough (1901), and the famous Queen&#39;s Hotel at Townsville, the first two stages of which were erected 1902-04.</p><br>
<p>In May 1902 Mrs Jocumsen raised a £2,000 mortgage on the property, and it is likely that this financed the construction of the new Exchange Hotel. The building was close to completion by late September 1902, and was finished by late November that year, when Bergland re-negotiated his lease on the new building.</p><br>
<p>When completed, the Royal Bank of Queensland, which had opened a Laidley branch north of the railway line, occupied premises on the ground floor of the new hotel. The Royal Bank had been established in Brisbane in 1885 as a competitor to the enormously successful Queensland National Bank, and was the second bank to open an office in Laidley, the first being the QNB on 16 July 1886. These were still the only banking institutions in Laidley in 1902 when the new Exchange Hotel was erected. The branch office in the Exchange Hotel became an office of the Bank of Queensland following the merger of the Royal Bank and the Bank of North Queensland (established in Townsville in 1888) in 1917. In 1922, the Bank of Queensland was taken over by the National Bank of Australasia, and the Exchange Hotel office again changed name. The National Bank maintained its Laidley branch office in this building until 1956.</p><br>
<p>Between 1904 and 1924 the hotel was owned by the Giesemann family, who let the business to a number of lessees. In August 1924, the property was transferred to James King of Laidley, who bought the Exchange following the destruction by fire of his own Laidley hotel, the Empire, that year. The Empire was almost opposite the Exchange, and the latter received some fire damage to the front facade. Until 1950, the Exchange remained the property of the King family, who also ran the hotel until 1949, but there have been a number of owners and even more lessees since.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Exchange Hotel, a two-storeyed brick building with corrugated iron skillion roofs concealed behind parapet walls, is located fronting Patrick Street, the main street of Laidley, to the west. The building has been built to the property alignment on the north, west and south, and has a T-shaped plan with a long projecting central wing to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The street elevation is constructed of flemish bond brickwork and has a wide awning to the ground floor and a semi-recessed verandah to the mid-section of the first floor. The verandah has a raised central gable section, with timber battens to the gable and arched timber valance, over a corrugated iron skillion awning. The verandah has paired timber posts with curved timber brackets, timber louvres enclosing the southern end, and cast iron balustrades. Opening onto this verandah are french doors with fanlights from bedrooms, and a central arched timber door, sidelights and fanlight assembly from a main hall. Either side of the semi-recessed verandah are projecting brick bays housing paired casement windows with timber and iron hoods, and surmounted by arched parapets with rendered cornice details and circle motif.</p><br>
<p>The corrugated iron skillion awning to the ground floor has paired timber posts to the central section, with triple timber posts either side, curved timber brackets and a solid valance for signage. The main entry is via a large arch to the north side of centre which accesses a recessed entry porch with a tiled floor, concrete balustrade and arched timber door, sidelights and fanlight assembly. The public bar is accessed via a timber and glass door with fanlight at the south, and a separate entrance to the lounge area is located to the north. The building has sash windows with arched headers, and the street facade has rendered details including sills, main entry arch and balustrade, and a deep skirting base. The first floor bridges a driveway on the south side of the building which services the rear of the property. The brick wall facing the driveway is painted, as is the single-storeyed brick annex containing toilets and storage areas at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The central rear wing, constructed of english garden wall bond brickwork, has had a number of alterations including bricked-in openings and exhaust ducting. Small verandahs are located at the rear of the front section on the north and south. The south verandah has been enclosed, and the north has a timber stair and french doors with fanlights opening from bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the ground floor has a central hall leading to the rear dining and kitchen area, a public bar on the south and a lounge on the north. The building has rendered walls, boarded ceilings, and a timber staircase with turned balustrade and newel posts. The public bar and kitchen have been recently refitted, and the lounge and dining area have undergone earlier alterations.</p><br>
<p>The first floor has a wide central hall leading to the west verandah, and accommodates bedrooms to the front section of the building and a private residence in the rear central wing. Walls are of single-skin vertically jointed boards, ceilings are boarded and doors are panelled with fanlights.</p><br>
<p>The northern boundary wall is reported to have been over the southern wall of the adjoining property, which had been built slightly over the property boundary.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Exchange Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Exchange Hotel was constructed in 1902 during one of the most significant growth periods in Laidleys history, and reflects in style and materials the confidence and optimism of one of Queenslands most prosperous, turn-of-the-century country towns.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It survives as a substantially intact example of the work of respected Queensland architects Eaton & Bates, in rural hotel design. The building is significant also for the retention of evidence of the former banking office located within the hotel.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Exchange Hotel, possessing a finely articulated street elevation consisting of recessed and projecting awnings, bays, entrances and verandah, is the dominant member of a group of masonry commercial buildings constructed in Laidley at the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>G Wyman Building is a heritage-listed shopping centre at 140–142 Patrick Street, Laidley, Lockyer Valley Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1906 to 1906. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The G Wyman Building is a two storey brick building with an iron awning extending across the footpath, supported on timber posts. The building was constructed in 1906 during a period of economic prosperity in Laidley and it was the second building that George Wyman had constructed on the site, replacing a former timber structure established in 1883. The architect of the building is unknown.</p><br>
<p>At the turn of the century, the Lockyer Valley was one of the most prosperous agricultural districts in Queensland, and this prosperity was reflected in the flurry of building activity in Laidley which saw the town nearly double in size, and many of the earlier timber buildings were replaced with substantial brick buildings. These included the new Exchange Hotel in, Neilsons new Central Hall (1902), the new Geismanns buildings (1902), Whitehouses Bakery in 1904, as well as Wymans new store in 1906. As the principal town in the Lockyer district, Laidley was granted its own town council, distinct from Laidley Shire Council, in 1902.</p><br>
<p>George Wyman was a prosperous and active member of the community at Laidley. Born in Middlesex, England, his parents emigrated to Australia while he was still an infant. He learned the grocery business while employed by Cribb & Foote at Ipswich, and owned a business there for several years. His brother, Henry, was a noted Ipswich architect who served as Mayor of Ipswich between 1894-96.</p><br>
<p>George Wyman established himself at Laidley in 1883. Here he was very successful and married Ruth White, the daughter of Mr B White of Laidley, producing one son and two daughters. Ruth and George acquired adjoining blocks of land in Patrick Street, Laidley in 1884. The land was adjacent to the Exchange Hotel and handily situated in relation to the railway line. In February 1884 the previous owner of Georges block, Mr R Little, had taken out a mortgage on his land for £900, possibly to develop the land for commercial purposes. There is no record of a mortgage against the property during Wymans occupation of the site. The adjacent block appears to have been gifted to the newly-weds in Ruth&#39;s name by her father, Benjamin White.</p><br>
<p>Here George carried on his business for many years in a timber building, taking an active role in the social life of Laidley. Newspaper reports indicate he was involved in many of the activities of Laidley, and his wife acted as hostess to social evenings in their home. The 1890 Post Office Directory lists George as produce merchant, grocer, general storekeeper and draper, as well as being Hon. Secretary of the Laidley Agricultural Society and President of the Laidley Cricket Club. In addition he served his community as a justice of the peace. In 1902 George was elected Mayor of the first Laidley Town Council in which capacity he served for twelve months. In August 1906, Wyman purchased 29 hundredths of a perch from Heinrich Geismann, proprietor of the neighbouring Exchange Hotel, for the purpose of constructing a party wall. This transaction marks the construction of his new, brick store which encompassed each of the blocks owned by his wife and himself. The timber from the demolished timber structure was used in the construction of a house at 22 Railway Street, Laidley. By 1907 Wyman also had a store in nearby Forest Hill which was eventually sold to Tom Waller in 1927.</p><br>
<p>In 1911 George Wyman died and his property passed in trust to his widow and his daughter, Ada Ruth. The property remained in trust, passing in turn to other descendants until 1971 when Wymans Pty Ltd became the owners. At the time of George Wymans death his son Charles took over running the business. Wymans Store had traditionally sold groceries, hardware, ironmongery, clothing and dressmaking and hat-making services and at this time it opened a petrol depot with the rise the motor cars. During the beginning of the 20th century Wymans employed 22 shop staff including trained drapers and milliners.</p><br>
<p>In 1939 Charles Wyman died and the business was leased to Mr W Blake until Charles son Trevor took charge of the business in 1950. At this time the sale of general goods was not economically viable and the Wymans began to specialise more in drapery and millinery.</p><br>
<p>Another store was opened in Gatton in 1958 and Trevor&#39;s son David started in that store in 1964 and his other son Ross started in the Laidley store in 1971. David and Ross Wyman continue to run each store today.</p><br>
<p>The store remains remarkably intact. One major change which has occurred was the removal of the mezzanine floor at the rear of the store which housed the former millinery section. Along with this a large "flying-fox" winch device used to move goods around the store was also removed in the latter 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Wyman&#39;s clothing store is located on the eastern side of Patrick Street in Laidley in a precinct of late nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings in the centre of Laidley. It is a single storey, brick building with a decorative rendered, masonry parapet and an iron bullnosed awning extending over the footpath supported by timber posts with decorative capitals and brackets. Below the awning, the front elevation has large glass display windows framed in timber which flank a central entrance way from the footpath.</p><br>
<p>Above the awning a rendered parapet rises above the roof line displaying the inscription in relief, "G. Wyman Estd. 1883", and above on a semi-circular pediment, "A.D. 1906". The parapet is part of a continuous line of masonry facades which run along this part of Patrick Street presenting a coherent streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the store displays many of the original features in a large open-planned space. These include high coffered ceilings with diagonal boarding and ceiling roses, numerous chamfered timber columns with capitals and decorative cast iron vents in the walls. Most notable is the original timber service counter which stands free in the centre of the store. The counter is a large square with space in the middle for attendants. The counter features diagonal boarding and decorative pilasters and wide bench space.</p><br>
<p>There is a small partitioned office in the north-east corner of the store and some fitting rooms on the south east corner. The floor is covered with linoleum and the walls are still face brick painted white. There is evidence of former window openings on the northern wall which have been enclosed.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>G Wyman Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Wymans Store is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as it is a good representative of the important role of the country general store in providing services in rural communities. Its construction around 1906 also reflects a period of renewed building activity and economic solidification in the town of Laidley, a trend common in many rural towns in Queensland at the time.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place is a good and intact example of a large country general store providing necessary services to a rural community. Its open plan design, large shop front windows and original central service counter all contribute highly to its identity as an early-20th-century store.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has high aesthetic value as it contributes strongly to the streetscape of Patrick Street in Laidley. It displays typical design and decorative features of its type which add to the aesthetic significance of the building.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It also has special association with the community of Laidley as a local landmark which contributes greatly to their townscape and as a continuing place of service for over a century.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life and work of Mr G Wyman, Mayor of the first Laidley Town Council when Laidley became a separate local government area, as well as three subsequent generations of his family who continue to run the store today.</p><br>
<p>Bank of New South Wales is a heritage-listed former bank building at 7 Railway Street, Helidon, Lockyer Valley Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in. It is also known as Bank of Commerce, Bank of Queensland Limited, and The Royal Bank of Queensland Limited. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Bank of New South Wales building at Helidon was constructed for the Royal Bank of Queensland, probably in 1915-1916.</p><br>
<p>Queensland&#39;s first indigenous bank, the Queensland National Bank, was established in 1872, by a group of prominent Queenslanders who wished to secure development capital free from overseas or inter-colonial control. The Royal Bank of Queensland Limited was established in 1885 when local investors were finding it hard to obtain loans from sources outside Queensland. By 1889 it had 20 branches and agencies including branches at London and Edinburgh. It did not achieve the importance of the Queensland National Bank, but was a competitor to it and, with the Bank of North Queensland, was one of the three 19th-century banks formed in the colony.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Bank of Queensland Limited established a Receiving Office, operated by its Gatton Branch, on this site in 1906. In May 1910, when it was realised that a rival bank, the Australian Joint Stock Bank, was about to open in premises directly across the street, this office was upgraded to a full branch in order to retain its sizeable business in the town. The Australian Bank of Commerce absorbed the Australian Joint Stock Bank in the same year.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, the Royal Bank held a mortgage on this land from the owner, Mary Ellen Barry, but did not acquire the land until 1915, when it is thought that the combined bank and residence was constructed. In 1917 the Royal Bank of Queensland merged with the Bank of North Queensland to the Bank of Queensland Limited. The National Bank of Australasia absorbed this bank in 1922. Possibly in anticipation of this merger the Helidon branch was sold in 1921. It was purchased by the Australian Bank of Commerce, and so passed into the hands of its original competitor.</p><br>
<p>The next change of name occurred in 1932 following the acquisition of the Australian Bank of Commerce by the Bank of New South Wales. It was as the Bank of New South Wales that this branch traded until 1970 when it was closed and the building passed into private ownership in 1971. It has since been used as a residence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former bank building is located on the western side of Railway Street, Helidon approximately 50 metres from the street.</p><br>
<p>It is a timber structure on low stumps consisting of a banking chamber with managers residence at the rear. The facade of the banking chamber features a central arch above the entry with the pediment above supported on double timber corbels and fluted timber pilasters. Above the pediment is a gable clad with pressed metal sheeting. The verandahs to the managers residence have been built in. The roof is clad with corrugated iron and the intersection of the gabled roof of the former banking chamber and the pyramid-roofed residence is unusual in form, being a striking feature of the building.</p><br>
<p>There are other buildings on site including a house to the rear of the bank building. These are not included in this entry.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Bank of New South Wales premises and attached residence was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former bank building was constructed for the Royal Bank of Queensland Limited and is important in illustrating the development of Queensland because it was purpose built as premises for a bank formed to serve Queensland interests and needs when the state was a self-governing colony. It also illustrates the development of Helidon, which was a refreshment stop on the main railway line between Brisbane and Wallangarra, the state border interchange. The former bank is important for its association with the Royal Bank of Queensland, one of Queensland&#39;s three indigenous banks.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is a good example, adapted for a small rural town, of a combined banking chamber and manager&#39;s residence. This residential arrangement was common in bank buildings from the nineteenth century until World War Two.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Bank of New South Wales building is important for its architectural appeal, which makes a major contribution to the townscape of Helidon.</p><br>
<p>Boer War Memorial is a heritage-listed war memorial at Crescent Street, Gatton, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by William Hodgen and produced by Toowoomba mason William Bruce. It was built in 1908, and was unveiled on 3 August by Governor of Queensland, Lord Chelmsford. The memorial honours four local men who died in or as a result of the war, and is one of only three known Boer War memorials in Queensland. It is also known as the Fallen Soldiers Memorial and the South African War Memorial.</p><br>
<p>The memorial consists of a life-size statue of a digger, atop a pedestal with marble plaques stating the names and ranks of the men who died. The memorial was originally located in the intersection of Railway and Crescent Streets and was moved to its current location in the late 1970s. In 1984 the monument was sandblasted to remove layers of paint. The original statue had been made of Italian marble; it was replaced at some stage by the current sandstone statue, and when or for what reason is unknown. The memorial was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In April 1907, a public meeting was held at which it was decided to erect a memorial. A design competition was announced and was won by Toowoomba architect, William Hodgen.</p><br>
<p>William Hodgen was born in Toowoomba in 1866. He was employed by the Queensland Colonial Architect&#39;s Office in Brisbane from 1886 to 1891 when he left for London. On his return to Queensland in 1896 he established a private practice in Toowoomba and designed buildings throughout Queensland. The Gatton Boer War Memorial is an unusual example of his work.</p><br>
<p>The pedestal was produced by Toowoomba monumental mason, Walter Bruce and the statue was imported from Italy. The total cost of the monument was £200.</p><br>
<p>The Gatton memorial was constructed at an early phase of the history of war memorials in the state. After World War I, the construction of war memorials was prolific. In 1908, when this memorial was unveiled, they were still quite rare.</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. In Queensland, the soldier statue, which was first used to commemorate those died in the Boer War, became the popular choice of memorial for the First World War. This was in contrast to the southern states where the obelisk predominated.</p><br>
<p>The digger statue later embodied the ANZAC Spirit, representing the qualities of the ideal Australian - loyalty, courage, youth, innocence and masculinity. The digger was a phenomenon peculiar to Queensland, perhaps due to the fact that other states had followed Britain&#39;s lead and established Advisory Boards made up of architects and artists, prior to the erection of war memorials. The digger statue was not highly regarded by artists and architects who were involved in the design of relatively few Queensland memorials</p><br>
<p>Most statues were constructed by local masonry firms, although some were by artists or imported.</p><br>
<p>There are only three known Boer War memorials in Queensland in the form of the digger. Of these only two were erected shortly after the war. These are the Allora Memorial, erected in 1904 and the Gatton Memorial, erected in 1908. The third Boer memorial, in Brisbane, was not unveiled until 1919.</p><br>
<p>This memorial was originally located in the intersection of Railway and Crescent Streets and was moved in the late 1970s. It originally stood on a stepped base, which was lost in the relocation. In 1984 the monument was sandblasted to remove layers of paint. The original Italian marble digger statue, which was said to be very realistic, was replaced by the current sandstone statue. When this occurred, or for what reason is unknown.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Boer Memorial is situated in a small park in Gatton in front of the railway station. The monument is centrally located in a paved area in the centre of the park and is flanked by two large fig trees.</p><br>
<p>The paved area consists of a short path at the front which divides into curved paths around the memorial and rejoins at the rear to continue in a short, straight path. Comparatively new planting is contained in beds on either side of the paving.</p><br>
<p>The Helidon sandstone Boer Memorial comprises a pedestal surmounted by a digger statue.</p><br>
<p>It sits on a slightly concave base constructed of sandstone blocks. This is surmounted by a curved moulding and a smooth-faced step which is capped by a series of curved mouldings with shadow reveals between.</p><br>
<p>The pedestal comprises a recessed square section with freestanding columns at each corner. Leaded marble plaques are located on the front and rear faces stating the names and ranks of the four local men who died as a result of the Boer War. One of the men was a bugler, and the front face has a relief carved bugle above the plaque. The insignia of the Australian Light Horse is located above the plaque on the rear face.</p><br>
<p>The columns have Corinthian order capitals and bases and support a large frieze and cornice. The cornice has a large central convex surface on which is a simple, deeply carved curvilinear pattern.</p><br>
<p>Surmounting the pedestal is the digger statue which is life-sized. The soldier stands on a square plinth decorated on all faces with relief carved wreaths and festoons. His head is bowed and hands are resting on his reversed rifle. A supporting tree stump is located at the rear of the statue.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Boer War Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War.</p><br>
<p>It was constructed at an early phase of the history of war memorials in the state, which became prolific after the First World War but in 1908 when this memorial was constructed were quite rare.</p><br>
<p>The Boer War Memorial at Gatton is an immensely important Queensland monument.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is one of only two known digger statues built to commemorate the involvement and death of Queensland soldiers in the Boer War of 1899-1902. A third Boer War Memorial was unveiled in Brisbane at a much later date.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste.</p><br>
<p>The Gatton Boer War Memorial demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This is achieved through the use of appropriate materials and design elements.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is of aesthetic significance, both as a landmark within the streetscape and for its high level of workmanship and design.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has a strong association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event and with Toowoomba architect, William Hodgen as an unusual example of his work.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a strong association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event and with Toowoomba architect, William Hodgen as an unusual example of his work.</p><br>
<p>Weeping Mother Memorial is a heritage-listed memorial at Hickey Street, Gatton, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by F. Williams & Co and built in 1922 by the same company. The memorial was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gatton Weeping Mothers War Memorial was designed and produced by well known and highly regarded Ipswich mason Frank Williams. The marble memorial honours the 68 local men who fell during the First World War.</p><br>
<p>The memorial cost over £500 which was raised through public subscription. A memorial committee was formed and the Chairman, Richard James laid the foundation stone on 22 April 1922. The memorial was unveiled by the Governor of Queensland, Sir Matthew Nathan, on the 14th November 1922.</p><br>
<p>In 1933, a light to illuminate the statue at night was added by the Gatton RSL and Women&#39;s Auxiliary and was officially switched on by ex-First World War nurse, Nurse Pollock on Armistice Day.</p><br>
<p>Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before the First World War. The memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of the war on a young nation. Australia lost 60,000 from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the nation.</p><br>
<p>Even before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word "cenotaph", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means "empty tomb".</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence is not readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit.</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time, not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. In Queensland, the soldier statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk predominated in the southern states, possibly a reflection of Queensland&#39;s larger working-class population and a lesser involvement of architects.</p><br>
<p>Many of the First World War monuments have been updated to record local involvement in later conflicts, and some have fallen victim to unsympathetic re-location and repair.</p><br>
<p>Many different types of war memorials were erected throughout Queensland, however none are as emotive or as unique in design as the one at Gatton. At the laying of the foundation stone, the memorial was said to be an expression of sympathy with the mothers of fallen soldiers.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The First World War Memorial is situated in a park setting and is surrounded by mature trees.</p><br>
<p>The memorial is located in comparatively new landscaping comprising paved pathways and gardens beds with new planting. It is approached by a path from Hickey Street which passes a bottle tree. New sandstone slabs with bronze plates to the front faces are located on either side of the path leading to the monuments. These are memorials to soldiers in later conflicts.</p><br>
<p>The pathways form a cross with the monument located at the centre. A gun or "war trophy" is located at the rear and each side of the monument. A flagpole is located to one side.</p><br>
<p>The monument itself stands on a concrete base step. Above this are two smooth-faced marble steps capped by a rounded moulding. The first step is square in plan, whilst the upper one steps in at the centre of each face.</p><br>
<p>Above this base is a mausoleum type structure comprising four columns and a roof. The floor, from which a central square pillar rises, is laid with black and white marble tiles in a chequerboard pattern. The pillar sits on a base of two steps and is partially covered with a tasselled shroud. It bears the leaded names of the 68 local men who fell in the First World War. The names of those who fell in later conflicts are recorded on the base of the pillar; 23 in the Second World War and 2 in the Vietnam War.</p><br>
<p>The pillar is flanked by columns at each corner. Each has simply moulded bases, and Greek egg-and-dart ornamentation at the top. The columns support a roof like structure which sits on square blocks at each corner. A curved fascia spans between each block and the roof structure has a pediment to each face. The dates 1939 - 1945 are leaded on the front face. At the centre of the roof is a square base with a mound of rocks above it. Sitting on this is a two-thirds life-size figure of a weeping mother. Her chin rests on her right hand and she holds a scroll which bears the leaded inscription "Their names liveth forevermore".</p><br>
<p>The monument is made up of different types of marbles. The figure itself is of coarse Ulam Marble. Finer marble with a grey grain has been used in some areas such as the columns and base and black marble has been used on the floor.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Weeping Mother Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Its design is unique in Queensland and possibly in Australia.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period.</p><br>
<p>The memorial at Gatton demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This is achieved through the use of appropriate materials and design elements.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The memorial is of aesthetic significance as a landmark and also for its high degree of workmanship and design.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has a strong and continuing association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event and as the focal point for the remembrance of that event It also has a special association as an exemplary example of mason / sculptor Frank Williams.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a strong and continuing association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event and as the focal point for the remembrance of that event It also has a special association as an exemplary example of mason / sculptor Frank Williams.</p><br>
<p>University of Queensland Gatton Campus is a heritage-listed university campus of the University of Queensland at Warrego Highway, Lawes, Gatton, Lockyer Valley Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1897 to 1960s. It is also known as Foundation Precinct Gatton College and Lawes Campus. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 January 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The University of Queensland Gatton Campus was established in 1897 at Gatton as the Queensland Agricultural College. The College initially operated as a tertiary agricultural institution offering a basic practical and theoretical agricultural education for young men and short courses for farmers on specific topics, but from its inception, there was also an expectation that the College would be involved in agricultural research and experimentation. In 1922, it was re-structured as the Gatton Agricultural High School and College. From 1927, the College also took students from the University of Queensland for a year of practical experience. During the Second World War, the College was used as a field hospital by the United States Army from 1942 to 1944. After the war, it continued to operate as both a secondary and tertiary institution until the high school section was closed in 1962. In the 1960s the college began to diversify the courses on offer and the first women students enrolled in 1969. In 1990, the College merged with the University of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The need to establish an agricultural college was first raised in Queensland Parliament in 1874 by Edward Wilmot Pechey, MLA for the Darling Downs. The development of scientific methods of agricultural production appropriate to Queensland was of both public and political concern and calls for a college and experimental farm continued to be made in the Parliament for the next two decades. Unlike the debate over the establishment of a university which divided those in favour of practical, applied education from those supporting humanist education for its own sake, agricultural education was widely supported in recognition of the essential role of primary production in the colony. It was also seen as a means to attract more people to settle and cultivate the land and it was proposed that several colleges were required to investigate agricultural methods for the various regions and climatic conditions in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Department of Agriculture was established in 1887 and teaching and research into agriculture was part of its early agenda. Following a request from the Queensland Government to the United States Government in 1889, Professor Edward Shelton of Kansas State Agricultural College was appointed as agricultural instructor for Queensland in 1890. After touring agricultural education institutions in other Australian colonies, Professor Shelton advocated the establishment of a local college in his first annual report.</p><br>
<p>The Australian-wide economic depression of the early 1890s frustrated attempts to utilise the £5000 allocated by the Queensland Parliament in 1891 to the founding of a college, and it was not until 1895 that the first 600 acres of land were purchased by Peter McLean, Under-Secretary of Agriculture. The land was part of the Rosewood Estate near Gatton, which the Government re-purchased under the provisions of the Agricultural Lands Purchase Act of 1894. A further 1092 acres were acquired in 1896 when the new Minister for Agriculture, Colonel Andrew Joseph Thynne, was determined to make the college a reality. The site was chosen both for its proximity by rail to Brisbane (and to the Department of Agriculture and Stock and its experts) and for its diversity of soil types. Three soil types were present on the site, providing scope for experimentation and wide cultivation experience for students. The Gatton site was also close to the greatest concentration of farmers in the colony. As the land was virgin forest, a contract was let in 1896 for the clearing and grubbing of 233 acres.</p><br>
<p>Sketch plans for the college were prepared by architect John Smith Murdoch of the Queensland Department of Public Works in 1896. The scheme comprised seven buildings linked by elevated covered walkways, in design reflecting Queensland&#39;s timber rural vernacular architecture. JS Murdoch was a talented designer, whose body of work includes such notable works as the Customs House, Maryborough, the Commonwealth Bank in Queen Street, Brisbane (now demolished), Commonwealth Government Offices at Anzac Square, Brisbane, Stanthorpe Post Office and the Old Parliament House in Canberra. The tender of £5079 by RW Roe was accepted in July 1896 and a Foundation Day ceremony, which attracted many notable public figures, was held on 22 August. Changes driven by budgetary considerations were made during construction, including the deletion of the network of covered walkways.</p><br>
<p>Professor Shelton was appointed as the first principal and the Queensland Agricultural College was officially opened by the Governor, Lord Lamington, on 9 July 1897. The College had an initial intake of twenty-three students and a staff of six men. The buildings were an administration and teaching block, two dormitories, a teachers block, a dining room and kitchen, the Principals residence and the Overseers residence. The buildings were timber framed and clad, with cedar joinery and galvanised iron roofs. They were orientated to face south, in the direction of the Gatton-Forest Hill-Laidley Road and beyond this the Southern and Western Railway, where College Siding was established. The road to the siding was made all-weather proof in the early 1900s and served as the main entrance to the College until the mid-1920s, when the principal entrance was re-oriented to the north and the road from the Warrego Highway. In the first six months of operation a number of sheds, stables and a silo were constructed and machinery and livestock was purchased. Of the original buildings only the Foundation Building (the administrative and teaching block) and the Homestead (former Principals residence) remain on the site.</p><br>
<p>The establishment and operation of Queensland Agricultural College was an important commitment by the Queensland Government to agricultural advancement. The development of the dairying industry was an early priority as was the introduction of new agricultural methods and technologies. For instance, in 1897, the first cutting of a crop with a "Scientific Harvester" to produce ensilage was watched by a 200 strong crowd of farmers from as far away as Nanango. As well as providing a basic practical and theoretical agricultural education for young men, the college also offered short courses for farmers on specific topics such as cheese making, milk testing, bee-keeping and sugar farming. The college also held short courses for teachers who were then able to offer basic agricultural education in schools across the state. The college continued to expand, with a gymnasium constructed in 1899 (now Sir Leslie Wilson Hall) and a third residential hall erected in 1908. The first two Canary Island Date Palms (Phoenix canariensis), now a signature feature of the campus, were planted outside the Foundation Building in 1915. Also planted in the 1910s, during the First World War, was a double row of Eucalyptus trees along College Siding Road.</p><br>
<p>For the first 25 years of its existence the Queensland Agricultural College was the responsibility of the Department of Agriculture and Stock, and functioned in isolation from the mainstream Queensland public education system. The gap between leaving school at 12 to 14 years and entering college at age 16 meant that there were no "feeder schools" to sustain the College, and the First World War (1914-1918) further reduced student and staff numbers. By the early 1920s, the College was threatened with closure, a 1921 report recommending that the property be sold as farms and the buildings removed and utilised elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>A special committee appointed by the Governor-in-Council advised that rather than closure, the Queensland Agricultural College be reconfigured as an Agricultural High School and College under the control of the Department of Public Instruction. This was the first major change to the structure and purpose of the college, and was made possible with the passing of the Agricultural Education Act 1922 and the establishment of a Board of Agricultural Education. Agricultural subjects were incorporated into the state secondary education curriculum and the Queensland Agricultural College was re-structured as the Gatton Agricultural High School and College. Boys were accepted from age 14 for high school training and encouraged to continue at Gatton at diploma level in their third and fourth years. At this time, 629 acres of college land was under cultivation including 5 acres for research, 38 for field trials and 20 acres of orchard. Site improvements by this time included a substantial hay shed erected in 1922.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of a Department of Agriculture at the University of Queensland at St Lucia in 1927 also affected the college at Gatton, as university students were required to complete a compulsory year of practical training at Gatton. Gatton College Principal, JK Murray, had been a representative on the Faculty of Science at the University since 1917, however, closer links were formed with the establishment of the new faculty. Murray, a trained agricultural scientist, was appointed as the University&#39;s first Professor of Agriculture whilst continuing as College principal. Murray strongly supported research, and collaboration between institutions continued with the establishment of a Council of Scientific and Industrial Research or CSIR (later the CSIRO) laboratory and field station at Gatton in 1930. (The CSIR was established in 1926 by the Commonwealth Government and in the 1930s established research laboratories throughout Australia to help develop Australian primary industry, including forest products, fisheries and food production.) In 1928 the College paddocks were renamed in honour of famous agricultural scientists.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s the main Brisbane-Toowoomba Road through Shire of Tarampa (later Shire of Gatton) was upgraded as one of Queensland&#39;s first Main Roads, and the farm road leading from the Brisbane-Toowoomba Road (later the Warrego Highway) to the College was upgraded as the principal entrance to the Gatton Agricultural High School and College, thus re-orienting the main entrance to the north. The avenue of Canary Island Date Palms (Phoenix canariensis) which extends along each side of the original roadway from the Warrego Highway and through the heart of the campus to the Foundation Building was planted in 1927. A 1936 military map, compiled from earlier aerial photographs and a 1934 ground survey, indicates that an avenue of trees extended along the road opposite the main entrance to the College, north of the Brisbane-Toowoomba Road to Lockyer Creek and a popular swimming hole. At an early period a timber changing rooms was constructed beside the swimming hole.</p><br>
<p>A spate of building activity and infrastructure improvements barely kept pace with the growth of the College following its conversion to an agricultural high school and college.</p><br>
<p>Along with their farm neighbours, one of the principal difficulties experienced by the College since its establishment had been the provision of an adequate water supply during periods of drought. After lobbying by successive Principals, a low-level weir was constructed in 1928-29 on Lockyer Creek, along with two 30,000 gallon (136,000 litres) reinforced concrete tanks on the creek bank, and a pump to force water to another 30,000 gallon (136,000 litres) capacity reinforced concrete main supply tank, or water tower, located in the campus core. The water tower has become a College landmark, visible from the Main Range at Toowoomba, 50 kilometres to the west. A substantial overhaul was made in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Staff and students often worked together to build or improve college facilities during this period. Their work included formation of the Tom Graham Cricket Oval in 1931, and the 1930 relocation by students using horses and tractors, of a timber grandstand, erected in 1927 on a sports ground near the site of the present War Memorial Swimming Pool, to a more appropriate location overlooking the planned new oval. In the early 1930s the Gymnasium was lined with silky-oak and walnut milled and installed by students. In 1935 this building was extended in length, new dressing rooms were constructed either side of the re-erected stage, and the interior was lined to match the existing hall. Used variously as a gymnasium, theatre, cinema (a cinematograph projector was installed in 1927, and replaced by a Movietown Sound Projector in 1931), assembly hall, recreation hall, chapel, and currently as a lecture room, the building was re-located in 1978 to a site between the inner and outer ring roads on the western edge of the campus.</p><br>
<p>In 1935 College Siding was renamed Lawes Siding in honour of Sir John Bennett Lawes, who had endowed the world&#39;s first agricultural research station in England. Also in 1935 a flagpole, presented by the Bundaberg Branch of the "Old Boys" Association, was erected in front of the Foundation Building, between the two Canary Island Date Palms planted in 1915. After the central road through the campus was closed, the flagpole was re-located in 1985 to the southern end of what is now the central walkway.</p><br>
<p>Three more halls of residence were built in the 1930s. Thynne Hall was constructed in 1933 (sold for removal in 1973) and Morrison Hall, originally Shelton Hall, in 1936. Enrolments continued to grow, with 323 full-time students attending in 1938 when a third dormitory, Riddell Hall, was constructed. Residential facilities were stretched in the late 1930s when 106 unemployed young men took part in a year&#39;s training course conducted under the Unemployed Youths Training Scheme.</p><br>
<p>With the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 student enrolments declined, but the war initially hardly affected the functioning of the College. In 1941 a shearing shed, with drafting yards and dip, and Crow&#39;s Silo, were erected. Also constructed in 1941was a new seed research unit, including offices, four laboratories and a glasshouse, barn and seed store, which were handed over to the CSIR. This facility was named the Cooper Laboratory.</p><br>
<p>The entry of the United States into the war in late 1941, however, brought a significant period of change to the College, with eighty-five acres of its land and the majority of its buildings being transferred in March 1942 to the United States Army for hospital purposes. The 153rd Station Hospital occupied the site briefly until July 1942, when replaced by the 105th General Hospital Unit. Only twenty-four students and a drastically reduced staff remained on campus. The College administration moved to the newly completed Cooper Laboratory and Riddell Dormitory was retained until September 1942 by which time temporary buildings had been constructed for the College by the Department of Public Works, in the northeast corner of the campus. The College also occupied the nearby College View State School as a laboratory from March 1942 to April 1943. In January 1943 more temporary buildings were erected for the College, which re-opened for enrolments in February 1943. College wartime work included the testing of alternative fuels and growing crops of opium poppy, urgently needed during war for the production of morphine. Extensive temporary facilities were erected by the Civil Construction Corps for the military hospital, including nearly two dozen large timber hospital wards, interconnected by covered walkways, on the eastern side of the campus core. A large "tent city" was established to the south of the core, serving as living quarters for soldiers undergoing rehabilitation. Existing buildings were altered to serve a variety of wartime purposes. The Foundation Building was used as both the administrative headquarters for the US Army and as a laboratory and pharmacy, its verandahs enclosed to provide more space. Shelton Hall (now Morrison Hall) was used as the hospital, its dormitories well suited for use as hospital wards, with dental services, X-Ray facilities and operating theatres located on the ground floor. In 1943 a U-shaped morgue was constructed, used for the examination and preparation of deceased soldiers for transportation back to their families in the United States. In 1944 the two most northerly wings of the building were removed prior to the Americans leaving the College, and from 1945 the remaining section was utilised as a residence and later a girls&#39; change room before being converted into a small chapel in 1959. 19,000 patients from the battlefields of the Pacific and New Guinea were treated at Gatton during the period of occupation by the US Army.</p><br>
<p>A number of more permanent facilities were also constructed during the period of military occupation, including a Sewerage Treatment Works and a Pump House on the northern side of the Warrego Highway. These are still in use.</p><br>
<p>In 1944-45 the College repossessed the site for educational purposes. Many of the buildings needed to be re-adapted for college requirements, and this was paid for by the Commonwealth Government. Twenty buildings erected on campus during the war were acquired form the Commonwealth Disposals Commission including 8 former military hospital wards, which remained in use as dormitories to accommodate a postwar influx of students and staff. These dormitories, commonly known as the "warrens", were destroyed by fire in August 1963. The morgue and the remnants of a rubbish dump established by the US Army about 50 metres southeast of the present piggery are the only surviving features associated with the American occupation of the campus. A cairn and plaque commemorating the use of the College by the United States Army 105th General Base Hospital between 1942 and 1944 was erected opposite the main dining hall and unveiled in 1968.</p><br>
<p>The late 1940s and 1950s was a period of recovery and consolidation for the College. Few new buildings were erected, but student enrolments increased significantly and College land holdings expanded with the purchase of a small farm in the Laidley area in 1945, an adjacent farm of 95 acres in 1948 and an additional 85 acres to the west, fronting the Brisbane-Toowoomba highway, in 1950. Teaching innovations introduced during this period included training of returned servicemen, Summer Agricultural Schools for primary school boys, Rotary-sponsored short farming courses for migrants and a course in butchering for indigenous students.</p><br>
<p>In 1950 the former Crowley Vale State School, erected to a standard Queensland Works Department "open-air" school plan, was moved onto the College grounds as a lunchroom for farm hands. and was re-located to its present position in 1995.</p><br>
<p>In honour of students and staff from the College who had fought in the two world wars, an Olympic-sized War Memorial Swimming Pool was constructed in the early 1950s. Site excavation was carried out in 1950-52, largely by student labour using farm machinery such as tractors and ploughs, but the post-war shortage of materials delayed construction until 1953-54. The pool was funded by a War Memorial Fund established by College staff and students. In 1958-59 dressing rooms and a spectator pavilion were constructed beside the pool, partly funded by Queensland Government subsidy.</p><br>
<p>In 1959 the main entrance from the Warrego Highway was improved with the construction of curved brick fences with ornamental steel work flanking the entrance, and a steel sign replacing the old wooden sign. The Hugh Courtney Oval was established in 1959-60, 1000 tons of ashes from the Bulimba Powerhouse were spread for drainage and the grass was cultivated by Gatton students.</p><br>
<p>A dam was constructed to the east of the Foundation Precinct in the 1950s. In 1980, during a particularly dry season, it was re-designed as a wildlife sanctuary and named Lake Galletly after past student, long-serving staff member and nature conservationist, Jim Galletly.</p><br>
<p>In contrast to the restricted building program of the 1950s, the 1960s and 1970s was a boom construction period for the college, reflecting in part the dominance of the Country/National Party in Queensland politics. The Queensland Government made a commitment to upgrade facilities at the College and to replace the early timber buildings and Second World War timber and fibrous cement structures, with more substantial brick buildings. In 1962 the high school section was closed and the college reverted to a tertiary institution with around 900 students enrolled. Thirty overseas students enrolled in 1960 under the Colombo Plan. In 1966 a wide diversification of courses was initiated under the guidance of the newly formed Queensland Agricultural Education Advisory Board, including rural-related subjects such as food technology, hospitality, tourism, real estate valuation and wildlife services. The College gained autonomy from the Department of Education in 1967 and commenced a major building program. Brisbane firm Bligh Jessup Brentnall was retained as architects and developed a site plan for the college, heralding the "red brick" era of its development. Construction included halls of residence, lecture theatres and schools, a new administration block, and new animal facilities. A new gymnasium was erected in 1968, funded by the College Welfare Fund and Queensland Government subsidy, and was dedicated in 1969 as the War Memorial Gymnasium.</p><br>
<p>An airstrip was established in 1966 as a training ground for students interested in obtaining a private pilot&#39;s licence and has developed as a facility for the Air Training Corps and Army Cadets on campus, as well as for sports such as gliding, hot air ballooning and parachuting. In 1973 it was officially named the CH Francis Airstrip in honour of long-serving staff member Charles Francis who was instrumental its development.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 Gatton became a College of Advanced Education and control passed to a College Council. The then Director, Neil Briton, quoted Prime Minister John Gorton in declaring the aim of the College to be to produce a new end-product - a liberally-educated technologist. The first women students enrolled in 1969 on a non-residential basis, and residential women students were accepted in 1971. The College began to confer its own degrees in 1973 and continued to diversify the courses on offer. The next major change came as a result of new Commonwealth government education policy in 1988, which required tertiary institutions to have a minimum student population of 2000 full-time enrolments. Gatton did not meet the size criteria and like many other smaller colleges, consolidated with a larger institution. On 1 January 1990, it became part of the University of Queensland and is now known as The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus. There are currently around 1000 students enrolled.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The University of Queensland Gatton Campus is located on the Warrego Highway, just east of the town of Gatton. It comprises two distinct areas: the main campus at Lawes, approximately 6 kilometres east of Gatton, and the Darbalara Farms, located approximately 5 kilometres to the south east of the main campus. The focus of interest for the entry in the Queensland Heritage Register is the main campus at Lawes; the Darbalara Farms are not included in the heritage listing.</p><br>
<p>The principal built portion of the main campus sits on an elevated sandstone ridge accessed via a ring road from the Warrego Highway; the remainder of the site is divided into paddocks with frontages to Laidley Creek to the east and Lockyer Creek to the north. The site has features of both a university campus and a working farm, with a mixture of teaching buildings, administration and research centres, residential halls and staff houses, recreational facilities, laboratories, buildings and structures associated with the working farms, and infrastructure such as the water tower and an early sewerage treatment plant. The earliest elements date from the establishment of the Queensland Agricultural College in 1897.</p><br>
<p>For the purposes of the entry in the Queensland Heritage Register, a number of key buildings, structures, plantings, spaces and landscape features of cultural heritage significance within the Gatton Campus have been identified. However, a more thorough cultural heritage survey of the whole of the campus may reveal other elements of significant cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The buildings, structures, plantings, spaces and landscape features of cultural heritage significance within the Gatton Campus which have been identified to date are scattered across the site. For the purposes of this entry in the Queensland Heritage Register and for consistency with University site planning, these have been grouped within the areas and precincts identified in the Gatton Campus Site Development Plan 2003. Numbering of the buildings corresponds to the University campus map (see External Links).</p><br>
<h3>Site Layout</h3><br>
<p>For site planning purposes, the University has divided the main campus at Lawes into four areas, some of which have been further divided into precincts:</p><br>
<p>The Core, located on the sandstone ridge above the Lockyer Creek floodplain, contains the academic, social, and cultural heart of Gatton Campus. This area includes the Main Entry precinct, Central Precinct and the historic Foundation Precinct.</p><br>
<p>The Core Environs, a large area on the fringe of the Core where teaching, demonstration and research is conducted in a farm environment, includes the historic Farm Square Precinct and the CSIRO Cooper Laboratories.</p><br>
<p>The Residential Area, consisting of student accommodation in halls of residence, single dwellings for staff and students, and recreational facilities, is also identified as the Sport and Residential Precinct.</p><br>
<p>The Farms, broad acre fields with some outlying teaching, research, recreational and infrastructure facilities, surround the Core Environs and Residential Area.</p><br>
<p>The above divisions reflect more than a planning pragmatism; they are important historically in illustrating the arrangement of administrative, teaching, training, farming, research, residential and recreational spaces within what has served for over a century as Queensland&#39;s most significant rural educational institution. Despite a massive building program from the 1960s onwards, and the re-orientation of the principal access road from the Lawes Railway Siding to the Warrego Highway, the Gatton Campus continues to demonstrate the principal site relationships established in the late 19th and early 20th centuries: a core teaching/administrative/residential centre located on the sandstone ridge; farm training, workshop and service areas to the north of this; recreational facilities to the south; and the whole surrounded by farm paddocks.</p><br>
<h3>Central Precinct</h3><br>
<p>This precinct encompasses the bulk of the academic teaching facilities, most of which have been constructed since the 1960s, and is centred around the walkway linking the northern and southern ends of the Core area. This walkway is of significance as evidence of the former central access road through the site, and is marked by an avenue of Canary Island Date Palms (Phoenix canariensis) planted in 1927. Also located in this precinct is a 1968 cairn and plaque commemorating the use of the College as an American army hospital during the Second World War.</p><br>
<h3>Foundation Precinct</h3><br>
<p>The Foundation Precinct, at the southern end of the Core area, contains elements of high cultural heritage value, including: the Foundation Building (1897) (Bldg 8118), The Homestead (1897) (Bldg 8124), the Water Tower (1928–29) (Bldg 8149), Morrison Hall (1936) (Bldg 8123), and paved and landscaped areas including plantings of Canary Island Date Palms (1915), a memorial flagpole (1935), and a recent sandstone war memorial. To the southwest of Morrison Hall is a Chapel (1943) (Bldg 8127), and to the west of the main Foundation Precinct is the former Gymnasium, now known as Sir Leslie Wilson Hall (1899) (Bldg 8129), which has been moved to this site from the ridge above. Sited just west of the Sir Leslie Wilson Hall are two small timber buildings (Bldgs 8128, 8130) which also have been moved to this location.</p><br>
<p>The Foundation Building (1897) (Bldg 8118) is a large timber building, purpose-designed as an administration and teaching facility, in the lightweight timber vernacular of the Federation era. It is single storey and high-set on substantial timber stumps which have been roughly finished by hand. The building has expansive verandahs (12 foot) on the southern and eastern sides with those on the west and north remaining enclosed with timber chamferboards, timber casement windows and aluminium-framed windows respectively. The building has prominent gabled and vented hip roofs clad in corrugated, Colorbond steel and has two brick chimneys. There are four external timber stairways with dowel balusters and timber handrails. A projecting entrance porch and entry stair are centrally located on the southern elevation of the building, aligned with what was formerly the southern (main) approach to the Agricultural College from Lawes Railway Siding. The porch is decorated with a timber arch and other ornate timber detailing. The external walls are horizontal pine chamferboards and the verandah roofs are lined with tongue-in-groove beaded boards.</p><br>
<p>The building has been partially restored. It has a central hallway. The front entrance hall and reception rooms on either side have been newly painted and have linoleum floors. Each of these rooms has a fireplace with timber mantel, and bay windows to the verandah. All internal walls are lined with tongue-in-groove beaded boards with timber joinery including ceiling vent panels and fanlights. A large reception room is located on the eastern side of the building. It has carpeted floors and groups of folding timber doors with multi-paned glass to the verandah. The north and western portions of the building remain un-restored and are currently occupied by a small kitchen area, a dining room, toilets and various unused rooms. Original fabric is evident throughout.</p><br>
<p>The sub-floor has been partially enclosed with a variety of building materials including chamferboards, fibrous-cement sheeting and timber casement windows. A large cleaners&#39; room is located on the southern side with an entry door and several windows in the southern wall. A staff recreation club is located on the western and northern side with an adjacent paved area enclosed with timber screens and pergola roof.</p><br>
<p>The Homestead (1897) (Bldg 8124) is a low-set timber building, also Federation style, constructed as a residence for the principal of the college. It is single storey, high-set on timber stumps, and has wide verandahs with dowel balusters on the southern, eastern and western sides of the building, and a service wing to the north. The verandah to the west has been semi-enclosed with fixed vertical timber shutters. Some of the external walls are painted, horizontal pine chamferboards, whilst others are single-skin with exposed bracing and studs. The building has a multi-gabled, hipped roof, three brick chimneys and a decorative finial. Wide timber entry stairs, surmounted by a decorative gable roof, mark the entry to the building. It has substantial timber front and rear doors linked by a central hallway. A large reception room on the western side of the hall is divided by a decorative timber arch and has a skylight and a brick fireplace. The interior is lined in pine tongue-in-groove boards, the floors are carpeted and a number of the rooms are air-conditioned by window-mounted units. Multi-paned timber sliding sash windows and timber French doors are found throughout the building.</p><br>
<p>Morrison Hall (1936) (Bldg 8123) is a substantial, two-level timber, brick and stucco building located to the south of the Foundation Building. Paving and a formal arrangement of Canary Island Date Palms create a strong visual link between the two buildings. The front of the building is landscaped with raised lawn areas, low masonry retaining walls and mature Poinciana trees. The front (north) elevation of the building is dominated by a central projecting gable roof with decorative infill to the gable end, an impressive timber entry stair and substantial stucco pillars. Morrison Hall is a U-shaped building in plan. Each wing has a strip of central rooms (originally dormitories) with long verandahs to both sides. The front part of the building has a large central room, flanked by expansive internal verandah spaces to either side. This central room has a large arched brick fireplace and a series of French Doors onto the verandah spaces. All rooms on the first floor have timber floors and single-skin, timber walls. The ceilings of the verandahs are lined with horizontal, tongue-in-groove boards. The first floor has multi-paned timber casement and sliding sash windows, French doors and single leaf timber doors throughout. Offices and meeting rooms occupy the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor has concrete and tiled floors. External walls are generally rendered brick with some concrete columns and multi-paned, timber in-fill doors and windows. Most of the ground floor is occupied by the Student Union with facilities including a cafeteria area, recreation room and some meeting rooms and offices which are enclosed with aluminium framed, glass partitions. The eastern wing of the ground floor is occupied by the bookshop which is also enclosed with aluminium framed, glass partitions. A large grassed courtyard area is located at the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>Sir Leslie Wilson Hall (1899 with 1935 extension) (Bldg 8129) is a large timber weatherboard building with a hipped, steel-trussed roof and a number of small, lean-to annexes. It has timber sash windows and is raised on concrete stumps. It is lined internally with fibrous-cement sheeting. The building was re-located in 1978 to a site between the inner and outer ring roads, a little to the northwest of the Core area&#39;s Foundation Precinct.</p><br>
<p>The two small buildings to the west of Sir Leslie Wilson Hall (Bldgs 8128, 8130) are both timber framed, weatherboard clad, and high-set on concrete stumps. They are aligned in a north-south direction. The building to the north has a hipped roof; the building to the south a gable roofed. Both roofs are clad in corrugated steel sheeting. The building to the south has early double-hung sash windows, each sash being divided vertically into two panes. The northern building has later aluminium framed windows.</p><br>
<p>To the southwest of Morrison Hall and situated beneath a tall Bunya Pine, is the Chapel (1943/1959) (Bldg 8127). It is a small, timber-framed building with a corrugated steel sheeted gable roof, and is the remaining portion of a building erected as a morgue for the United States Army in 1943, and converted into a chapel in 1959. Externally the walls have weatherboards to sill height, with fibrous-cement sheeting above, and timber casement windows. Internally it has a concrete floor which is carpeted, and the walls are lined with fibrous cement sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The Water Tower (1928–29) (Bldg 8149) is located to the west of the Foundation Building. It has a hollow cylindrical concrete base with internal access ladders, supporting a 136,000 litre capacity main water supply tank, also concrete and cylindrical but of wider diameter than the base. The whole is approximately 20 metres in height, and being located on the highest ground on the campus amidst low-scale buildings, is a landmark, visible from the Warrego Highway approaches and from the Main Range at Toowoomba, 50 kilometres distant.</p><br>
<h3>Farm Square Precinct (including Agricultural Place)</h3><br>
<p>The Farm Square Precinct is situated to the northeast of the central precinct, within the Core Environs area. Elements of cultural heritage significance within this precinct include: Farm Square (begun 1899) (Bldg 8216), Crows Silo (1941) (Bldg 8217), the Weighbridge (Bldg 8215), the Merv Young Field Facilities Building (former Woolshed, 1913–15) (Bldg 8134), former Dairy Factory (now a Printery) (1912) (Bldg 8131), the Hayshed (1923) (Bldg 8213), a Blacksmiths Shed (1933) (Bldg 8208), a residence (Bldg 8258); Shearing Shed (1941) (Bldg 8230), Wool Classing Shed (s) (Bldg 8231), and 6 other s buildings associated with the move of the College teaching and farm facilities to the northeast of the campus during the Second World War (Bldgs 8260, 8233-8237). Of contributory significance is the former Crowley Vale School (1916) (Bldg 8158), which has been moved to a location on Services Road. Farm Square Precinct also contains a number of mature trees which contribute significantly to the aesthetic value of the campus, including a row of tall Bangalow Palms at the southern end of Services Road.</p><br>
<p>Farm Square (1899-) (Bldg 8216) is a collection of structures containing stables, stalls, lofts and storage areas arranged around a large internal space - the square. The square has a bitumen floor and contains a horse-breaking ring and washing area. The buildings on the southern, eastern and western sides of the square contain stables, stalls, harness shed, and tool room. They are timber framed and clad in weatherboards with broad gabled roofs clad in corrugated, colorbond steel. The walls facing the square are generally half-height with a regular pattern of timber stable doors. The building on the northern side of Farm Square (1986) is constructed of concrete block and contains classrooms and office facilities. Vehicle access is provided via a gap between the buildings at the north-east corner. A second driveway is located at southern end, adjacent to a concrete silo known as Crow&#39;s Silo (1941) (Bldg 8217). The silo is the oldest remaining silo on the campus and has a gabled steel roof.</p><br>
<p>The Hayshed (1923) (Bldg 8213) is located to the north of Farm Square. It is a substantial timber weatherboard building built in the style of an American barn with a mansard roof which allows for the more efficient use of the upper roof space.</p><br>
<p>The Weighbridge (s) (Bldg 8215) is located west of Farm Square. It consists of a cast iron weighbridge set into the road and an adjacent small, timber-framed shed clad externally in fibrous cement sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The Merv Young Field Facilities Building (former Woolshed) (1913–15) (Bldg 8134) is located across Farm Lane, to the southwest of Farm Square. It has an unorthodox two-storey design that accommodated sheep-shearing downstairs and pressing and classing wool upstairs. It is a tall timber building clad in weatherboards with a gabled corrugated steel roof. It has been renovated with a steel inner staircase and steel balcony located on the upper level. It now contains offices.</p><br>
<p>The Printery (former Dairy Factory) (1912 with extensions in 1932 & 1934) (Bldg 8131) is located on the corner of Printery Lane and Nursery Lane. It comprises a collection of timber buildings with corrugated steel gabled roofs. From the 1980s it has been occupied by the campus printery. Internal walls have been re-located and new ceiling and wall linings and internal toilets added.</p><br>
<p>The Blacksmith&#39;s Shed (1933) (Bldg 8208) is located to the east of Farm Square in the Maintenance and Services section. It is a timber weatherboard shed with a hipped roof clad in corrugated steel. It is now sandwiched between recent large steel sheds.</p><br>
<p>An Early Residence (Bldg 8258) is located along Services Road in the northeast sector of the Farm Square precinct, near the Shearing Shed and Wool Classing Shed. It is timber-framed and clad, and is high-set on concrete stumps. It has a half-gabled bungalow-style roof, with the roof of the core extending down over verandahs on the front and rear elevations and wrapping around the sides. The gable ends have weatherboard in-fill beneath wide eaves, decorative timber slats in front of the weatherboards, and tapered and shaped timber bargeboards. The verandahs are enclosed with weatherboards to sill height and a mix of multi-paned timber casement windows (on the western side and part of the front (north) elevation) and later metal-framed windows. There is an early, one-roomed wing with a hipped roof, on the eastern side of the rear (south) elevation. There is also a later (s) gable-roofed extension attached to the western side of the rear elevation. This is clad externally in chamferboards and has a corrugated metal roof. The house sits within an open, grassed and fenced yard. A number of mature trees just outside the front and eastern fences contribute significantly to its aesthetic setting.</p><br>
<p>The Shearing Shed (1941) (Bldg 8230) is located on the northeastern edge of the Farm Square Precinct. It contains a shearing shed, a lecture room for up to 60 students, wool room, a scour room, experting room and office. It is a large, low-set timber building with a broad gabled roof. It is clad with weatherboards, has timber sash windows and a corrugated steel roof.</p><br>
<p>The Wool Classing Shed (s) (Bldg 8231) is also located on the northeastern edge of the Farm Square Precinct, just south of the Shearing Shed, facing north/northwest. It is a large, low-set timber-framed building of three bays, with a complex roof clad in corrugated iron: hipped along each side bay, with a central high saw-tooth roof structure above the central bay. Externally the building is clad with weatherboards to sill height, with fibrous cement sheeting and timber cover strips above.</p><br>
<p>A Temporary Dining Hall and Kitchen (1942) (Bldg 8260), now staff quarters, is situated on Services Road almost opposite the Shearing Shed. It is a small, rectangular, hipped-roof building, timber-framed, and clad externally with weatherboards to sill height, with fibrous cement sheeting and timber cover strips above. The roof is clad with corrugated metal sheeting. Verandahs on the north and south elevations have separate roofs to the core and are enclosed with fibrous cement sheeting to sill height and glass louvres above.</p><br>
<p>Buildings 8233-8237 (s) are located near the Poultry Unit area in the eastern sector of the Farm Square Precinct. The five buildings are all timber-framed and set on low stumps, with roofs clad in corrugated metal sheeting. Building 8234 is the largest of the five. Rectangular in form, it has a hipped roof and is clad externally with weatherboards. On the north elevation the roof extends bungalow-fashion over an open verandah. Adjacent to the south elevation of this building are two small hip-roofed ancillary buildings (Bldgs 8235, 8236). Building 8235 appears to be an ablutions block, and is set low on the ground. Building 8236 is set on stumps and is clad in weatherboards. The second largest building in ithis group is Building 8233, which is sited just west of Building 8234. It is rectangular in form with a hipped roof, and is clad mostly with weatherboards, with fibrous cement sheeting at the southern end. It has an open verandah along the west elevation. The fifth structure (Building 8237) is located to the northwest of Building 8234, across a gravel road. It is a smaller building, square in form, set low on the ground and clad in fibrous-cement sheeting. It has a hipped roof which extends down over an enclosed verandah on the north elevation. A brick chimney rises above the roof on the western side.</p><br>
<p>The Former Crowley Vale School (1916) (Bldg 8158) is a re-located building currently situated at the far northern end of the Farm Square Precinct, to the west of Services Road. It is a small, timber-framed building, square in form, which rests on low stumps. It has a hipped roof with a short ridge roof clad with corrugated steel sheeting, and has wide, overhanging eaves. It is a standard Queensland Works Department design, a modification of the earlier open-air school concept. Externally the building is clad with fibrous-cement sheeting to half wall height, with banks of windows above.</p><br>
<h3>CSIRO Cooper Laboratory</h3><br>
<p>The CSIRO Cooper Laboratory (1941) is located to the north of the Central Precinct, within the Core Environs and east of Main Drive. It comprises a complex of structures: four laboratories, eight offices, seed barns, sterile seed store, seed storage rooms and a glasshouse. The collection of low-set buildings are predominantly constructed of orange-red brick with one or two timber sheds. All have hipped roofs with wide eaves, and are clad in corrugated steel.</p><br>
<h3>Sport and Residential Precinct</h3><br>
<p>This precinct is located to the south of the Foundation Precinct, within the Core Environs area. Of cultural heritage significance within this precinct are three sporting ovals constructed largely by staff and students, a grandstand (1927), the War Memorial Swimming Pool complex (1950s) and the War Memorial Gymnasium (1968). The Tom Graham Cricket Oval (1931) is located in the eastern third of this precinct. The Grandstand (Bldg 8336) is located on the western edge of the Tom Graham Cricket Oval. It is a small timber framed and weatherboard structure with tiered timber bench seating and a corrugated steel, timber-framed roof with a small projecting, decorative gable roof over the access staircase. The Hugh Courtney Rugby Oval (1959–60) is located in the western third of the precinct, and the Ray McNamara Sports Oval (1965) is situated in the centre. Northwest of the ovals are the swimming pool and gymnasium. The War Memorial Swimming Pool Complex (Bldg 8145) comprises an Olympic-size swimming pool, spectator stand, and dressing rooms.</p><br>
<p>To the south and west of the main sporting facilities are a number of pre-1950 staff houses along South Ridge Road. Of particular interest are nos.8 & 15, which are likely s.</p><br>
<p>At the northeastern end of the Sport and Residential Precinct is a small reserve on a separate lot on plan, occupied by Australian Defence Force Reservists.</p><br>
<h3>Farms Area</h3><br>
<p>There are a number of elements of cultural heritage significance located within the Farms Area. These are important in illustrating the evolution of the development of Gatton Campus.</p><br>
<p>Elements identified to the south of the core area include:</p><br>
<p>Lawes Siding Road (1897), the original principal access road to the Agricultural College, at the southern end of the campus. This road leads in a straight line in a northeasterly direction from the Lawes Railway Siding on the Southern and Western Railway, across the Gatton-Forest Hill/Laidley Road, to the Core Area of Gatton Campus. It is lined by an avenue of Eucalypts (planted in the 1910s) and other mature trees such as palm trees.</p><br>
<p>Avenue of Trees (bean?), located south of the core area to the west of Lawes Siding Road, just north of, and at right angles to, the present Gatton-Forest Hill/Laidley Road. Between the trees is remnant asphalted roadway associated with the earlier alignment of the Gatton-Forest Hill/Laidley Road. Between the avenue and the present Gatton-Forest Hill/Laidley Road is a grove of less mature trees of the same species.</p><br>
<p>The CH Francis Airstrip (1966), located to the south of the Sport and Recreational Precinct, east of Lawes Siding Road. The strip is aligned in an east-west direction, and has a grassed surface.</p><br>
<p>Elements identified to the east of the core area include:</p><br>
<p>Lake Galletly (1950s), an ornamental lake and wildlife refuge located to the east of the Core Environs.</p><br>
<p>Elements identified to the immediate north of the core area include:</p><br>
<p>The original Warrego Highway entrance road to the Agricultural College, leading in a straight line south/southeast from the highway to the northern end of the Core, and marked by an avenue of mature trees, including Leopard Trees (Caesalpinia ferrea), Poinciana (Delonix regia), Leptospermum spp. and Eucalyptus spp.</p><br>
<p>Elements identified to the north of the Warrego Highway include:</p><br>
<p>The Former College View State School and adjacent Residence (Bldgs 8411, 8412 & 8413), situated to the north of the Warrego Highway, east of the overpass. The school building is of contributory significance, having been moved to this site from the Tarampa Road. It is a small, timber framed, weatherboard clad building on low stumps, with a gable roof clad in corrugated metal sheeting. The residence is a high-set timber "Queenslander" s which is also understood to have been moved to this location.</p><br>
<p>A Barn (Bldg 8431), located just east of the overpass road on the north side of Warrego Highway. The barn is a rectangular, timber-framed structure with a high gabled roof clad in corrugated iron, the whole high-set on timber stumps. There are double timber swing doors at each end of the building, the doors at the eastern end opening onto a small timber-framed loading dock</p><br>
<p>The Sewerage Treatment Works (Bldgs 8422-8426 & 8428-8429 & 8428), located along the ring road which follows Lockyer Creek around the northern farms. This complex remains remarkably intact, and comprises a number of sheds and water treatment facilities, including early circular concrete ponds.</p><br>
<p>The Pump House (Bldg 8427), located north of the Treatment Works, on the western bank of Lockyer Creek. It is a small, octagonal-shaped, one-roomed, concrete building with an octagonal-pitched roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The Potato Shed (no UQ number), located further north on the east side of the northern ring road. It is a timber-framed bunker with the above-ground structure clad in corrugated galvanized iron.</p><br>
<p>s Staff Houses and Gardens, and in some instances, just the gardens where houses have been removed, along the Lockyer Creek ring road. The mature trees in these gardens contribute significantly to the aesthetic values of the campus. The houses are all high-set weatherboard "Queenslanders".</p><br>
<p>The main building in the Crop Research Unit (s) (Bldg 8419), located at the northern end of the campus, on the southeast bank of Lockyer Creek. It is a long, narrow, low-set building with a concrete block base to sill height and timber-framing and weatherboards above. It has a hipped roof clad with corrugated sheeting. There is a brick chimney rising above the roof near the northeast end of the building. The whole rests on a concrete plinth.</p><br>
<p>The Dressing Shed (Bldg 8441), located adjacent to Lockyer Creek at the northwest end of the campus, above a former popular swimming hole. It is a long, narrow, low-set, timber-framed structure composed of three sections. The middle section has a gable roof and exposed external timber framing on three sides and weatherboard cladding on the fourth wall overlooking Lockyer Creek. The walls are lined with corrugated iron sheeting. Either side of this central section is a long, narrow dressing room with a skillion roof of corrugated iron and all walls clad externally with weatherboards and unlined internally. Floors throughout are concrete. Entrance doors to each section are in the northwest elevation overlooking the creek</p><br>
<p>Two concrete water storage tanks and generator/pump shed (no UQ number), located adjacent to the Dressing Shed above Lockyer Creek. These are associated with the early water supply to the campus established in the late 1920s. The tanks are circular, of moulded concrete construction, and highly intact. They stand approximately 2.5 to 3 metres above ground. The generator/pump shed adjacent to the tanks is a small, timber-framed, skillion-roofed structure clad externally with corrugated metal sheeting. The generator/pump has been removed but the concrete plinth on which it rested remains.</p><br>
<p>A row of mature exotic trees along the ridge above Lockyer Creek, located just northeast of the dressing shed. These contribute significantly to the aesthetic values of the campus.</p><br>
<p>A row of Eucalypt spp. trees on east side of the road which formerly led from the Warrego Highway opposite the earlier main College entrance, directly north to Lockyer Creek and the Dressing Shed.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>University of Queensland Gatton Campus (Queensland University) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 January 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The University of Queensland Gatton Campus was established in 1897 by the Queensland Government as the Queensland Agricultural College. It is significant as Queenslands first agricultural vocational institution and demonstrates the Queensland governments commitment to agricultural education, reflecting the vital importance of primary production in the history of the State. It has significance as Queensland&#39;s principal agricultural training educational institution for over a century, contributing to generations of best-practice farming in this State. The University of Queensland Gatton Campus also has historical significance for its role in the development of agriculture and agricultural research in Queensland through its historical and continuing links with the Queensland Department of Agriculture (now Department of Primary Industries) and the CSIR (now CSIRO). In addition, the University of Queensland Gatton Campus is significant for its wartime use as a military hospital, and a number of buildings and structures survive associated with this period.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The University of Queensland Gatton Campus is significant for its wartime use as a military hospital, and a number of buildings and structures survive associated with this period. The dump associated with this use has the potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s wartime history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The University of Queensland Gatton Campus demonstrates the principal characteristics of a rural public educational institution, with the attributes of both a university campus and a working farm. The early-established spatial relationships between the administrative, teaching, workshop, residential, recreational, and farming elements of the site survives, as does early infrastructure including Lawes Siding Road, the original Warrego Highway entrance road, and the 1928-29 water tower and water storage tanks near Lockyer Creek.</p><br>
<p>The Foundation Building and the Homestead are evidence of the original collection of College buildings erected in 1897. Sir Leslie Wilson Hall, constructed as a gymnasium in 1899, demonstrates the recreational facilities that have been part of the campus from its establishment, and which include also a swimming hole in Lockyer Creek and an associated changing rooms building; a fine 1927 timber grandstand; ovals constructed in 1931, 1959–60 and 1965; a War Memorial Swimming Pool (1954); and an airfield (1966). Morrison Hall, constructed in 1936, is a fine example of an interwar Hall of Residence and demonstrates the principal characteristics of a timber dormitory building designed for the Queensland climate. The Farm Square precinct, which includes Farm Square (commenced 1899), the Hayshed (1923), the Merv Young Field Facilities Building (former Woolshed) (1913–15), the Weighbridge, the Blacksmiths Shop (1933), the former Dairy Factory (now the printery) (1912), Crows Silo (1941); the Shearing Shed (1941); the Wool Classing Shed (s); a number of other s buildings; and an early residence are important in illustrating the way in which a working farm is combined with facilities for the practical instruction of students.</p><br>
<p>The Cooper Laboratories, a complex of brick and timber buildings purpose-constructed from 1941 for the CSIR seed research program, is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a substantially intact, 1940s agricultural research facility.</p><br>
<p>On the northern side of the Warrego Highway, the Sewerage Treatment Works and the nearby Pump House on Lockyer Creek are important in illustrating the principal characteristics of early 1940s facilities of this type, and important historically for their association with the presence of an American military hospital at the College during the Second World War. The timber Dressing Shed beside Lockyer Creek at the northwest end of the campus is a rare known surviving example of this type of recreational structure.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Foundation Precinct, which includes the Foundation Building, the Homestead, Morrison Hall, Sir Walter Leslie Hall, the water tower, a flagpole, a sandstone memorial, and plantings of Canary Island Date Palms (Phoenix canariensus), has aesthetic significance derived from the combination of impressive timber vernacular architecture, intact in both form and material, and striking formal landscape qualities. The campus generally has aesthetic value generated by its landscape qualities, which include: the treed sandstone ridge on which the core of the campus sits surrounded by farm paddocks; frontages to Lockyer and Laidley Creeks; planted avenues of trees along the central spine of the College core (Phoenix canariensus), along the original entrance road off the Warrego Highway, along Lawes Siding Road; and along the former Gatton-Forest Hill/Laidley Road alignment at the southern end of the campus; and water features such as the man-made Lake Galletly. There are mature exotic trees planted throughout the campus, including those in the house gardens to the north of the Warrego Highway and along Lockyer Creek near the Dressing Shed, which contribute significantly to the aesthetic values of the campus. Views to and from the central core are valued, and the water tower is a landmark, visible from the Warrego Highway and from the Main Range at Toowoomba, 50 kilometres to the west.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The University of Queensland Gatton Campus has a strong and special association for the University/College community both past and present for its social and educational values. The place is well known in the Queensland community for its contribution to the development of agriculture in this State.</p><br>
<p>The Linderspitzen are three summits of the Karwendel range at the border between the Austrian state of Tyrol and the German state of Bavaria. Linderspitzen refers to three distinct peaks, the Northern Linderspitze , the Southern Linderspitze  and the Middle Linderspitze .</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>The Linderspitzen form part of the Northern Karwendel Chain which divides the Isar Valley to the west from the Karwendel Valley to the east. Closest city is Mittenwald. Next closest peak in the range is the Westliche Karwendelspitze.</p><br>
<p>There is an easy Via Ferrata passing over the part of the Karwendel Range and the Linderspitzen, the so called Mittenwalder Höhenweg ("Mittenwald Ridgeway"), also the easiest access to the peaks.</p><br>
<p>Foster and West Geer Streets Historic District, also known as the West End, is a national historic district located at Durham, Durham County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 32 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 4 contributing structures in a commercial section of Durham. The buildings primarily date between about 1927 and 1963 and include notable examples of Moderne, Colonial Revival, and Mission Revival architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed City Garage Yard and Fire Drill Tower and Scott and Roberts Dry Cleaning Plant, Office, and Store. Other notable contributing resources include R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company warehouse , the Durham Baking Company , Durham Bulls baseball team ballpark , Fletcher’s Service Station , USA Naval Reserve Training Center , Uzzle Motor Company , King’s Sandwich Shop , and Royal Crown and Seven-Up Bottling Company .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Halliburton House is a historic house at 300 West Halliburton Street in De Witt, Arkansas. It is a two story wood frame structure, with a gable roof and end chimneys. The main facade is five bays wide, with a central entry sheltered by a portico supported by paired Doric columns. The house&#39;s significance lies in its construction and occupation in 1860 by William Henry Halliburton , who, as the deputy sheriff of Arkansas, oversaw the 1853 purchase of the land that became De Witt, when the county seat was relocated following the separation of Desha County. Halliburton served as a county official in a variety of capacities until the American Civil War. After twenty years in private legal practice he served three terms in the state legislature.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
